Photo: darwin (source: www4. Freep. Cn/hot/566045. HTML)
Charles robert darwin, british historian, founder of evolution. Born in england in 1809 and died in the village of davin, kentshire, in 1882. He studied medicine at first and theology at cambridge university. After graduation, he took part in a global cruise of the begle ship, which lasted five years and collected a great deal of material in the fields of kinetics, plants and geology. Upon return, the concept of biological evolution was developed through experiments, consolidation and synthesis. The publication of origin of species in 1859, which introduced chemically advanced discourses based on natural selection, destroyed a variety of mind-based theoreticisms, purpose theory and species immutation and became a turning point in biological history. Engus used to call his entry chemistry one of the 19th century's three discoveries of natural sciences。
I. State of person
Photo: darwin, 7 years old (source: commons. Wikimedia. Org)
Darwin was born on 12 february 1809 in shrusbury, england. He entered the university of edinburgh at the age of 16 to study medicine, but he felt that medicine and dissecting anatomicals were boring and that soon he was transferred to cambridge university to study theology. On the recommendation of a professor, darwin took up the position of cartographer in the course of the expedition of the british warhound, initiating a maritime voyage that was considered one of the most valuable in the history of western science。
In 1831, 22-year-old darwin sailed on the hound, which, over the following five years, surrounded the south american coast and visited a number of other islands in the gallars islands, the pacific ocean, the indian ocean and the south atlantic. During the voyage, darwin discovered a large number of fossils, observed numerous plants and animals and took detailed notes of all the observations made. These notes laid the foundation for his subsequent work and found rich evidence that would make his doctrine generally acceptable。
Photo: hound route (source: commons. Wikimedia. Org)
Darwin returned to his homeland in 1836. Over the next 20 years, he has published a series of books to become the leading biologist in britain. As early as 1837, darwin determined that the species of animals and plants were not static, but evolved in the course of geological history, and thomas marsas' demography inspired him to develop the concept of “natural choice through survival competition”. Darwin was not eager to publish the results after the systematic elaboration of the natural selection principles, but rather took a long time to gather evidence and to develop a solid case。
Darwin had already written an outline of his doctrine in 1842 and began writing in 1844. But in july 1858, he received a slightly evolutionary research manuscript from alfred russell wallace. At every point, wallace's doctrine is the same as darwin's. Wallace presented his own doctrine with complete independence and sent the manuscript to darwin in order to obtain the views and comments of a well-known scientist prior to its publication. In order not to give rise to a priority dispute, darwin presented wallace's paper and his own outline as a common paper to a scientific community。
Photo: evolution (source: pixbay. Com)
However, the presentation of this paper did not attract much attention. The following year, darwin published a book entitled " origin of species " , which generated extensive discussion within and outside the academic community. In 1871 darwin published human origins and sexual choices, which introduces the idea that human beings have evolved from ape-like animals, adding to the academic discourse。
Because of chagas disease at sea in south america, he was not involved in an open discussion of his doctrine. And the proponents of evolution always thought that darn literature was a strong defender — thomas h. H. H. Hurley. By 1882, when darwin died, the vast majority of scientists believed his doctrine was correct。
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Darwin is not the founder of the theory of species chemistry. Many scientists before him had made such hypotheses, but they had not been recognized by the scientific community because their interpretation of the evolutionary approach had not been convincing and there had been no substantial evidence to support them。
Ii. Key results
(i) origin of species
" origin of species " , published on 24 november 1859, entitled " origin of species through natural choice (i. E. The preservation of good races in the survival struggle) " , is a well-known biological evolution perspective published in the book。
Photo: origin of species (source: www. Kxtwz. Com/system/2017/07/20/015911847 01. SHTML)
Darwin found that the evolution of plants and animals in a domestic state was taking place in the interests of humanity. Thus he thought of the question: “what should be the direction of the evolution of flora and fauna without human intervention?” as a result of long-term research, darwin has found that flora and fauna, without the natural human intervention, can generate inter- and intra-species struggles in which species that are best adapted to environmental changes are preserved. Some of the characteristics of individuals that may vary within a population are beneficial to survival, so that they are more competitive and therefore more likely to survive than non-variant individuals, and these variations can be inherited. Over time, a species will move in this direction. When it is reproductively isolated from its original species, new species are formed。
The origin of species also addresses the issue of humans themselves. Through biologists ' research on the evolution of species, it is recognized that life, including humans, is not created by god, but by nature's choice, and that living beings adapted to nature survive, and choose and survive. To some extent, this view can lead people to encounter problems that are no longer directed to the god of the almighty, but to themselves。
Picture: the discovery of lucy fossils, providing strong support for evolution (source:news. Sina. Com. Cn)
The theory of the origin of species is similar in some respects to the progress of civilization, and there is little difference in the competition of organisms at the beginning of evolution, but over time there will be increasing differences between individuals of the same species, eventually developing into different species and even generating intense competition. The same applies to human civilization, which is now the origin of only a few ancient civilizations, which have experienced migration to different regions, have integrated into different regions and indigenous civilizations, have eventually evolved into relatively vulnerable regions of different civilizations and are constantly changing under the plunder of the powerful, and have evolved civilizations that integrate the weak, and finally have a rich modern civilization。
(ii) human origin
Recognizing that natural selection has a meaning beyond biology, darwin began a significant attempt in this area 12 years after the birth of the origin of species, a book whose philosophical and theological significance is at least comparable to that of origin of species. One of the most important aspects of the book is that darwin is here advocating only the development of previous ideas: “he is dissatisfied with seeing natural phenomena as incoherent, like savages, and no longer believes that human beings are the work of a founding act. “on the contrary, humans originate from non-human species. For darwin, this means that human beings lack the basis for the qualitative separation of themselves from the animal world。
Photo: darwin (source: 36kr. Com/cop/zaker/5136033. HTML)
First of all, he said that intelligence in any species is an enhanced form of survival, and he said: “in the long term, in the same community, the more intelligent members are more successful than the less intelligent, leaving more generations behind, a form of natural choice.” secondly, he believed that although all the elements essential to human consciousness existed in the animal sphere in a primitive way, they were now present in human beings. He concluded, therefore, that human beings evolved from inferior species as early forms of consciousness became more sophisticated, preserved and nurtured, and then preserved by the hands of nature, more intelligent generations。
Picture: a lot of sarcasm paints darwin as a monster
The book points to one of the most significant elements of darwinian thinking: the interpretation of society by natural choice. Ethics is the product of evolution, that is to say, it emerges from biological characteristics that attract individuals to groups to benefit from the skills of other members of the group, thereby equipping them with the ability to survive。
Finally, darwin addressed the religious dimension at the apex of evolutionary development. Spiritual impulses are signs of a high degree of intellectual, social and moral development and are derived from the latter. However, darwin immediately made it clear that humans ' moral senses are not different in kind from the qualities found in lower animals: on the one hand, darwin views religious sentiment as a sign of evolution to the top; on the other hand, there is no willingness to discuss whether or not they respond to the ultimate reality or creator。
Iii. Personal evaluation
Photo: darwin once locked the manuscript of origin of species in his desk (source:news. Sina. Com. Cn)
According to watson in the united kingdom, “the origin of species is a classic book that influences the course of world history and is one of the books that shakes the world. The theory of evolution set out in the book is one of the three major discoveries of the natural sciences of the nineteenth century.” “darvin was the greatest revolutionary of the nineteenth century, and perhaps even the greatest in the history of biologists.”
Huxley evaluates origin of species in this way: “this book can't be so good as to impress those who don't know anything about it. The origin of species has two important features: first, it provides evidence of “evolutionary” theory; and secondly, it provides a detailed explanation of the process during which “evolutionary” occurs. This is the question of what and why any scientific interpretation must address。
Iv. Voice of the whole
Photo: darwin memorial stamp (source: blog. Sina. Com. Cn/s/blog 8d8b74b901014083. HTML)
I have neither a prominent understanding nor human intelligence. I may be above ordinary people in my ability to observe and observe things that are short-lived。
2. I can be a scientist for the most important reasons: a hobby of science, unlimited patience to think about issues, observation and collection of de facto diligence, a creative and rich common sense。
3. The ignorant are more confident than those who know. Only ignorant people can assert confidently that science will never solve any problems。
4. If i have any merit, it is not a result of my talent, but of hard work and perseverance。
5. Science is about collating facts in order to draw general patterns or conclusions。
6. Without the vast wealth of information gathered by a large number of respected observers, it is impossible for my writings to be written, even if they are written, to make any impression. So i think honour belongs primarily to them。
Seven, my life is like a clock machine, and when my life is over, i'm stuck。
8. The most valuable knowledge is knowledge of methods。
I can't stand to be idle, so i thought i would do it as long as i could。
