Research paper on the main reasons for price increases during the year
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Summary:
Price problems are a major problem for the people of the countries concerned. Price volatility is a barometer of national economic development, and there has been a persistent pattern of price increases during the period of the “dry and plentiful world” with a significant impact on different segments of society. There are also reasons for the rise in prices, which are largely responsible for the increase in the population, the increase in the number of silver and silver, and the excessive amount of national storage。
Keywords
(b) drylong; price increases; population increases
Introduction:
Silver and copper have their place and there are different areas of circulation. Silver is used mainly for wholesale transactions, government taxes and large salary payments, while copper is used mainly for the retail market and for the payment of daily wages. In people's lives, the salt of wood and the daily goods are spent much more on money than on silver, even when they ask for land and buy a house, and are counted at hundreds and thousands of hangings. In fact, in circulation, money seems to be legal and silver seems to be adapted. Silver is valuable in value, and money is cheap. The exchange of money and money is not fixed and increases and falls, which directly affects prices. Qing dynasty-shunji — the pre-kunglong price is more silver and the post-kunglong price is more copper. For 17 years, the capital of changzhou was free of tin and gold. “the money is traded in the city, the money is spent, the money is spent more than the money in the past, and now there is no money. Concubine, from two or more rates, without money, even though it's fine, the money goes with it... Since 50 years later, the money has become scarce and has been used daily, even though it has been traded to more than a hundred taels, it has been very expensive”。
1. Price status during the dry season and its impact
1. 1 price increases during the dry season
In the clean generation, food increases are affected by a variety of factors, and the effects of water and drought have been particularly severe on rising food prices. Agriculture is the foundation of china's ancient society. Agricultural cultivation in small-scale farmers ' economies is stabilized in a stable social environment as a result of water and drought, and agricultural production is carried out in an orderly manner. The subsistence small-scale farmers ' economies produce food that meets their own needs, with less trade relations with commodities. Food prices have also remained within an acceptable range, owing to the social balance between supply and demand for food. However, the devastating effects of water and drought on agricultural production have also had a significant impact on food production, as farmers are unable to sustain their own food needs and are forced to purchase food from society in order to survive, resulting in large increases in food prices。
“sou, song, chang and the town suffered from a major drought in 46 years and the price of rice rose to twenty-four per litre” (2). Food prices are relatively stable, with large increases occurring during periods of hunger. Food failures and even crop failures are sometimes associated with large variations in prices, with “poor food” often occurring, food prices remaining at a relatively high level and other property prices for the victims being relatively low. In order to survive, the affected people trade their possessions for food at very low prices in order to feed themselves quickly。
1. 2 impact of price increases on different segments of society
The sharp increase in prices has caused great hardship to the economic life of the population at large. For 16 years, kanlong said: “the price of rice in chu province ranged from one, two, two to five and six in february, though not as much as two or two, and food was no longer available.” (iii) food prices rose sharply, while basic tax revenues were not reduced, putting farmers' basic survival at great risk, and many hungry people had to use every means to meet their basic needs for survival. The difficulty of maintaining basic subsistence needs in their own agricultural production has led many farmers to abandon their agricultural activities and to escape, leaving their land in ruins and labour losses. Farmers, in order to meet their own survival needs, make extensive and uncontrolled demands on and exploitation of nature, which also have adverse effects on the socio-ecological environment. In sum, the sharp increase in prices has severely undermined farmers ' already fragile existence and has led to a series of consequences that speak for themselves of the destruction of social production。
The dramatic increase in prices has had a profound impact on all sectors and groups of society, as well as on public officials. The price increases have not been accompanied by an increase in basic income, and officials at all levels of the qing dynasty have come up with a considerable amount of expenditure in the name of “climate respect”, “carbon respect”, “rest respect”, “other respect”, “annual respect”, “respect”, “respect”, “gita respect”, “gita respect”, “pita respect”, etc., in order to promote and advance themselves. Many of these systems are inherited from ming generation, and as a result, civil service officials at all levels are extremely weak. “fire consumption” is a significant part of the income of officials, and in a period of normality there has been a change from connivance of local civilian recruitment to public corruption. On the face of it, foreign officials have made a significant increase in their income, but in fact have not benefited from price fluctuations. The expenses of the bank are not sufficient for daily use, office and remuneration, and officials are forced to obtain money in other names. There is also a problem among military officials, which makes it difficult for people in the army to make a living and the fighting power is known. In the medium term, corruption has become widespread and corrupt, perhaps influenced by this reality。
2. Main reasons for price increases during the dry run period
Prices vary due to external quantitative factors such as volume of production and currency. (4) it is argued that the main reasons for the price rises during the dry season are the pressures of population growth, the excessive currency circulation in the market, i. E. Inflation, and the overstock of the country。
2. 1 price increases and population pressures
The increase in the price of food is strongly related to the surge in the population, which has been greatly facilitated by the policy of “amortization” since the abolition of the tax on the population, which has contributed greatly to restoring social productivity and promoting social progress at the primary level, and which has been brought into a rapidly growing and uncontrolled state, which has become a heavy burden on the state and society, with the demographic problems becoming more pronounced during the dry years, and the enormous pressure on the land put on the population. During the dry season, the population grew faster. The population of the country was 143 million for 16 years (1741), 268 million for 40 years (1776) and 313 million for 59 years. (5) in half a century, china has more than doubled its population. On the other hand, there has been limited growth in cultivated land, which has increased by only 120 million acres, making it difficult to meet the increased food needs of a large population. Given the limited land area, the agricultural technological revolution is difficult to achieve, the growth of the total food stock is very limited, and there are large food gaps in the market that cannot be filled, which leads to acute shortages of food, making it scarce and expensive and high food prices. It is also necessary to acknowledge the pressure on the population: “in addition to the length of the country's life, the country's teeth and teeth, the value of the product is increasing.” (6)
2. 2 price increases and inflation
In addition, price increases during the dry years were associated with fluctuations in the volume of money and the value of money in circulation in the market. Chinese society in the pre-chong dynasty was at the peak of a feudal society, with a self-sufficient natural economy highly developed and little demand for western goods. China's china and silk, on the other hand, are high luxury goods and consumables in western countries in great demand. When trading with china, the western countries did not attract enough chinese products to buy them with silver, which caused large amounts of silver to flow into china, causing a dramatic change in china's monetary relations, “for the last century, large quantities of silver have been flowing from europe” (7). At the same time as the large flow of silver to china, there has been a significant increase in the amount of money invested by the government in the area of circulation. The increase in the amount of silver and money produced perpetuates the phenomenon of “cheaps”, which has a profound impact on the population。
2. 3 price increases and national grain reserves
In order to ensure effective state control over food prices and effective relief for disaster relief, the state has a well-established food reserve system. Food reserves were particularly abundant during the dry season, which was also an important factor in price increases, as kanlong once said: “it is not only in the provincial context that the price of rice is not reduced, but is becoming increasingly expensive. It is true that the harvest, known as the rice-producing land, was never more abundant than it was ... It was the province that made up its reserves and contested.” (8)
In order to control excessive warehousing and ensure stability in food prices, kanlong had ordered a moratorium on the procurement and donation of salt in the valley, allowing only small quantities to be acquired in areas with good harvests and harvests. For 13 years, kanlong has issued a clear order that the number of standing grains in each province should be increased by more than one amount per year or allocated to the neighbouring province. At the same time, kanlong has also directed that the role of regular food distribution be fully utilized. In addition to its annual turnover under the “standing three” principle, it is charged at a flat price in the middle of the year in order to save the victims and save the food price。
The sustained growth of prices during the dry season, particularly food prices, was the result of the conflict between food supply and demand, production and currency. First, population growth has increased the demand for food, without significant increases in the level of production and in the production of society as a whole. The government's food reserves are larger than in the previous period, and while the establishment of a warehousing system has also helped to some extent to regulate prices, the oversupply of food by the government has resulted in less food in circulation in the market. In addition, the money that was circulating in the market during the dry season was more than normal demand. Supply exceeds demand, which inevitably leads to constant price increases。
In sum, the price increases that occurred during the dry years were the result of a combination of factors that affected all sectors of society at the time。
