Chen litten's foreign news dissemination history notes and a collection
I. Explanation of terminology
1. Four theories of the press
The history of foreign news dissemination in chen littane and the answer to that question:
The four theories of the press refer to the four press theories that existed in the world at that time, referred to in the joint schram et al. The four theory of the press, published in 1956, namely the “centralist theory”, the “liberal theory”, the “social responsibility theory”, the “communist theory”. These four news theories describe four mass communication systems: the totalitarian theory, which emerged from the united kingdom in the 16th and 17th centuries, whose main purpose is to support the advancement of government policies in the service of the state. Under the totalitarian doctrine, the press can be public or private, but media control is very strict and must be controlled by the government. The government is required to license and inspect media users, which are tools for strengthening government rule. The liberal theory, first developed by the united kingdom in the eighteenth century, was based mainly on the enlightened ideology and rationalism of milton, locke and others. According to the doctrine, the main function of the newspaper is to help people to know the truth, not only because it is not controlled by the government but also because it can supervise it, as well as having the function of informing, entertaining and selling; and because the press is mainly privately owned and media is available to anyone who has the means to use it. Advocating “self-correction” on the “free market of opinion” and media control on the part of the courts are tools for monitoring the government and meeting other needs, and a free opinion market. The theory of social responsibility, which emerged from the twentieth century of the united states, is an amendment to liberalism. The theory considers that the media, in addition to their information, entertainment and marketing functions, are primarily used to discuss conflicts, that they can be used by anyone who wishes to express a particular opinion, and that the media must be socially responsible and subject to community opinion, consumer behaviour and media ethics. It is premised on serving the general public, with the liberalist principle of freedom and the need at its core, completely disassociated from government control and becoming a truly independent part of society. 4 soviet communist theory, derived from the soviet union. According to the doctrine, the main purpose of the media is to contribute to the success and development of the socialist system, in particular by subjecting it to the dictatorship of political parties; it is controlled by the economic, political and supervisory branches of government and belongs to the state and exists only as an assistant to national development。
2. Media form
The history of foreign news dissemination in chen littane and the answer to that question:
Media form refers to the channels and vectors through which information is disseminated. In his book changing media patterns, american news scholar roger fidler noted that morphological changes in the media are usually caused by perceived needs, competition and political pressure, as well as complex interactions between social and technological innovation. To date, humankind has undergone three major changes in media patterns: the print media, the electronic media and digital media, which are not yet fully stereotyped. Oral transmission, written languages, electromagnetic and digital languages are the main catalysts for these three media morphologies, and the development of science and technology is the driving force behind their renewal and development. Different media patterns dominate at different stages of history, with print media expanding the space and time range for receiving information; electronic media and visualized forms of dissemination of information enhancing people's acceptance of graphic information; digital media rewrite almost all aspects of dissemination, with networks having a significant socio-economic and cultural impact; and human communications history is a history of changing media patterns。
3. Public sphere
The history of foreign news dissemination in chen littane and the answer to that question:
In the field of communication, the public sphere refers to an institutional space and time between the private sphere and the sphere of state power. In this space, individual citizens come together to hold open discussions and debates on public affairs of common interest, to form some kind of consensus close to public opinion and to organize anti-repressive state and public power in order to safeguard the general interest and public well-being. This concept was introduced by habemas in his book structural transformation in the public field, which is an ideal model of what the mass media should play in a democratic society. With the development of the concept, the content of the public sphere has been expanded, and if it is not confined to a specific historical pattern in the public sphere, it is considered to be an “ideal type”, it can be called the public sphere if it is capable of implementing a spirit of freedom, openness, equality, rationality, independence from the state and the market and a forum for citizen participation. It can be either a face-to-face gathering or, on that basis, a substitute for the various media of direct communication. The public sphere has the following characteristics: one is open, i. E. Open to all citizens. Freedom and independence, free assembly and free discussion by any authority or individual. Attention is paid to the general interest and the pursuit of public rather than private interests; fourthly, media communication and support are needed to ensure adequate communication and exchange of information。
Frankfurt school
The history of foreign news dissemination in chen littane and the answer to that question:
The frankfurt school is a social philosophy of the modern west, known for its critical social theory, and is an academic community of social scientists, philosophers and cultural critics centred on the “social institute” of frankfurt university, germany. The school, which was developed by leading members of the frankfurt institute of social studies in the early 1930s and the early 1940s, concentrated its socio-political views in the works of hokheimer, adono, markusse, habemas and others. In the western social science community, the frankfurt school is regarded as a model of “new marxism” and is known for its theoretical and methodological anti-factoism. It has inherited the traditions of young hegel paitina et al., influenced by the irrational ideas of uncle benhua, nietzsche and dilté, and inspired by neo-condehism, the “cultural criticism” of weber and sociology, and inspired by the concept of alienation in marx's early writings and the “materialization” of lucachi, it has developed and constructed a unique critical theory aimed at “total criticism” of bourgeois ideology. According to thetheorists of the frankfurt school, critical theory transcends all philosophy and is opposed to every philosophy; it rejects everything while incorporating the truth about everything into itself。
5. Press associations
The history of foreign news dissemination in chen littane and the answer to that question:
The associated press, known as the press union, is a not-for-profit association of the british press, founded in 1868 and owned by major british and irish newspapers outside london. Its headquarters are in london, with branches in birmingham, glasgow, manchester and newcastle. It has a large shareholding in reuters and has close business relations with reuters. The society is a non-profit cooperative organization, with surpluses in its operations used to expand equipment and strengthen communication organizations. It collects news from the british mainland and contributes to news agencies in the country and to international news agencies, including comprehensive news, parliamentary news, legislative justice, the financial economy, business, sports, etc. The society provides domestic news to reuters for the exchange of international news. As it said to the royal press council, “since its establishment, the united news agency has never changed its basic policy of dealing with news. All sufficient information is reported correctly and never biased. The news is transmitted to subscribers as quickly as possible, without criticism.”
6. Daily telegraph
The history of foreign news dissemination in chen littane and the answer to that question:
The daily telegraph, the first cheap newspaper in the united kingdom, was founded by colonel slay in london on 29 june 1855, formerly known as the daily telegraph post, which was acquired by creditors shortly after financial difficulties. Following lawson's assumption of the post of editor-in-chief, the newspaper introduced a comprehensive reform from reporting to editorial operations, and a network of writers was successfully involved. The newspaper gives greater importance to international coverage, with three editions of international news, in addition to the front pages, both domestic and foreign. The editorial approach is a combination of serious news and humanistic news. In order to meet the diverse needs of the reader, there are numerous columns on finance, science, medicine, real estate, automobiles, agriculture, tourism, fashion, theatre, music, radio, television, art, sports, etc. Readers are predominantly middle class。
7. Washington post
The history of foreign news dissemination in chen littane and the answer to that question:
The washington post, created by stileson hutchens in washington on 6 december 1877, is the largest and oldest newspaper in washington, d. C., with high international prestige. The united states capital, which specializes in reporting on domestic political developments in the united states and regularly publishes a number of comments and analytical articles, is one of the important newspapers that understand and research the internal affairs of the united states. The early 1970s gained international prestige by exposing the watergate incident and forcing president richard nixon to resign. In 1880, it became the first daily newspaper in washington, d. C. The 2009 washington post, with 582,000 copies of daily circulation, is the fifth most popular daily newspaper in the united states. In recent years, the washington post has been hit by the rise of online media, closing three main branches outside washington, new york, chicago and los angeles in 2009. On 2 august 2010, the washington post inc. Signed an agreement with sydney haman, the sound equipment tycoon, to sell the lost magazine newsweek at a symbolic dollar。
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