Investment control is the focus and difficulty of project management for the hospital construction project, which, at different stages of the project, has different titles such as estimates, budget estimates, budgets, settlements and accounts, which are based on different bases and roles and are progressively refined in accuracy and reflect the actual investment of the project more accurately than a single one. What the hell is going on with these “calculations” that should not have been understood by the architects, just say it today。
The full process of construction is the project proposal + feasibility study phase + design phase + design phase + initial design phase + bid phase + construction map design phase + project acceptance phase + project completion phase of contract implementation。
Correspondingly, the order in which the preceding “calculated” appear is that the investment estimate is based on a budget estimate and the contract price is calculated at the final value (actual price)。
In general, and in turn: the basis of the accounts is the settlement, which can be seen as an integral part of the accounts; the accounts cannot exceed the budget, the budget cannot exceed the budget estimates and the budget estimates cannot exceed the estimates. It is a step-by-step move, which cannot be exceeded in order, with only the last two settlements and the accounts being counterproductive (within a certain range)。
I. Investment estimates
Investment estimate
The estimate is a scientific estimate of total investment in project construction at the decision-making stage. The decision-making stages are divided into four phases of opportunity studies, project proposals, preliminary feasibility studies, and detailed feasibility studies, which, as the project is progressively refined and concretized, can be estimated at different levels of detail according to the investment estimation protocols。
At the request of the construction unit, a landmark estimation report can be requested at the stage of a detailed feasibility study. The estimates were completed at this stage, essentially in the price-making sector of the researcher。
Investment estimates include capital and current asset investments. The static investment component includes construction and installation costs, equipment and furniture acquisition, other construction costs and basic reserve costs. The estimation method includes the unit production capacity estimation method, the production capacity index method, and the coefficient estimation method。
Static
Static investment
The dynamic investment component includes price differential provisions and interest on construction periods。
*1
The unit production capacity estimation method
1. The unit production capacity estimation method: the unit production capacity estimation method has a significant error of up to 30 per cent. This method can only be estimated roughly and quickly, and due to the wide margin of error, care needs to be taken in applying it, bearing in mind the following:
(1) local. The differences in the location of construction are characterized by differences in economic conditions between the two regions; differences in soil, geological and hydrological conditions; differences in climatic and natural conditions; and differences in the origin of materials, equipment, transport conditions, etc。
(2) complementarity. A project or installation, which has many ancillary devices and facilities, may also be different, such as public works, ancillary works, off-site works and life-benefit works, which vary according to local differences and changes in the scope of the work and are not linear with changes in the main project。
(3) timeliness. Construction of construction projects is not necessarily built at the same time, with more or less time difference and may change in terms of technology, standards, prices and so on。
*2
Productive capacity index act
It is also referred to as the index estimation method, which provides a rough estimate of investment in proposed projects based on the production capacity and investment of similar projects that have been built。
Investment for proposed projects = investment for similar projects that have been established x (production capacity of proposed projects / production capacity for similar projects) x f
Note: 1, f - a composite adjustment factor, a composite adjustment factor for flats, unit prices, cost variations, etc., during the construction interval between old and new projects; 2, n - a production capacity index, normally 0≤n≤1; 3; ()^n - n。
Note: conditions of the productive capacity index act
An important condition for estimating project investments using this method is that there be a reasonable productive capacity index, which is different for countries with different levels of productivity and for projects of a different nature。
If the size of a similar project has been established and the size of the proposed project is not significantly different, the scale of production is in the range of 1/2-2 and the index n is approximately 1
If the size of a similar project has been established and the size of the proposed project varies considerably, but not more than 50 times, and if the proposed project is to be expanded only by increasing the size of the equipment, the value of the n is in the range of 0. 6 to 0. 7
Where the size of a similar project has been established and the size of the proposed project varies considerably, but not more than 50 times, and the proposed project size is increased by increasing the number of equipment of the same specifications, the value of n is between 0. 8 and 0. 9. It appears that the increase in productive capacity cannot be achieved exclusively by scaling up in quantitative terms, but by relying on advanced production technologies and equipment to reduce costs。
The ppi method is slightly more accurate than the unit production capacity estimation method, and its error can be contained within ±20 per cent, although it is still large, but it has unique benefits: that is, the valuation method does not require detailed engineering design information, but only knowledge of process processes and size; and second, for the total contract works, it can be used as a witness to the valuation。
*3
Coefficient estimation method
Also known as the factor estimation method, it is a method of estimating the total investment in the proposed project using as a basis the main engineering cost or major equipment cost of the proposed project and other engineering costs as a percentage of the main engineering cost. This method is simple but less precise and is generally used at the project proposal stage. The coefficient estimation method is very varied and several main types are described below。
(1) equipment coefficient method. Based on the cost of equipment for the proposed project, the total investment in the construction project is derived from the construction installation and other engineering costs of the proposed project as a percentage of the value of the equipment, such as those for the construction of similar projects already completed。
(2) main professional coefficient method. On the basis of the larger share of investment in the proposed project and the investments in the process equipment directly related to the production capacity, and on the basis of the relevant statistics of the project in question, it is calculated that the specialized works of the proposed project (total maps, construction, heating, drainage, plumbing, electrical, self-control, etc.) constitute the percentage of the investment in the process equipment, whereby the specialized investments in the proposed project are obtained, and then added to the total investment in the project。
The following steps have been taken to estimate investments using the langle coefficient method:
1) the cost of arriving at the site of computing equipment, including plant price, land freight, sea freight, handling charges, customs duties, insurance, procurement, etc。
2) based on the calculated cost of equipment multiplied by 1. 43, the total cost of including equipment base, heat insulation, painting and equipment installation works is obtained (a)。
3) the result of the above calculation is (a) multiplied by 1. 1, 1. 25 and 1. 6, respectively, depending on the process, to provide for costs including piped works (b)。
4) the result of the above calculation is (b) multiplied by 1. 5, i. E. The direct cost of the device (or project) is (c), at which point the construction works, electrical and instrument works, etc. Of the installation are included in the direct cost。
The static investment of the project is calculated on the basis of equipment acquisition costs multiplied by the appropriate factor. Domestically unusual is the method used to estimate investment in bank projects。
The rationale is to calculate the direct and indirect costs of the total cost of project construction separately, to be combined into a static investment in the project, using the formula:
Where:
E - investment in process equipment directly related to production capacity
Ki - estimated cost factors for pipes, instruments, buildings, etc
Kc - total estimated factor including overhead costs such as management fees, contract fees, contingencies, etc。
Kl - the ratio of static investment to acquisition of equipment is the langle factor, i. E.:
Dynamic
Dynamic investment
In addition, the dynamic investment estimates for the hospital construction project include both price differential provisions and interest during construction:
The construction investment dynamic includes, inter alia, the potential increase in investment in price movements, interest on construction periods and, in the case of foreign-related projects, the calculation of exchange rate effects. The dynamic component should be estimated on the basis of a plan for the use of funds for static investments in the base year, rather than on the basis of annual static investments prepared。
Estimates of the increase in reserve costs
The estimate of the price increase reserve may be implemented as specified by the state or sector (industry) and generally calculated on a downward basis:
Pf=lt
(1+f)t-1
(t=1~n)
Pf - prepared price increases
(a) the investment plan for the year it - t
F - rate of increase in average annual investment prices
N - year of construction period。
The annual investment plan level k in the above format can be derived from the plan table for the use of capital for construction projects, and the annual price rate may be derived from the cumulative analysis of the construction price index information。
Impact of changes in exchange rates on dynamic investments in foreign construction projects and calculation methodology
(1) the appreciation of foreign currency against the renminbi. The amount of foreign currency paid for equipment and materials purchased by the project from foreign markets remains the same, but the amount converted into rmb increases; the amount paid in foreign currency is the same as the amount paid for principal and interest from foreign sources。
(2) the foreign currency depreciates against the renminbi. The amount of foreign currency paid for equipment and materials purchased by the project from foreign markets remains the same, but the amount converted into rmb is reduced; the amount paid in foreign currency is the same when borrowing from abroad, but the amount converted into rmb is reduced。
The estimated impact of exchange rate changes on investment in construction projects is calculated by predicting the extent of exchange rate movements over the project construction period, using the investment base for the year。
3. Estimated interest during the construction period
Interest during the construction period is the interest incurred during the construction period on a project loan and charged to the fixed asset investment. In calculating interest for the construction period, it is assumed, in order to simplify the calculation, that the borrowing for the current year is based on half-yearly interest rates, and that the borrowing for the preceding year is based on full-year interest rates, calculated as follows:
Annual accrued interest = (cumulative principal of borrowing at the beginning of the year + the current year's borrowing) * at the beginning of the year, the accumulated principal interest of borrowing = accumulated principal of borrowing at the beginning of the previous year = prior year's borrowing + prior year's borrowing + prior year's accrued interest = current year's investment in fixed assets = different annual rates of interest for each borrowing may be calculated separately for each borrowing, or the weighted average annual interest rate for each borrowing may be calculated and interest on all borrowing may be calculated at this rate。
The design budget
Design estimate
That is, the design estimate is the total construction investment for the construction project calculated at the level of unit works, individual projects, construction projects, based on the design phase on the programme, preliminary design or construction drawings, budget estimates indicators, budget estimates quotas and standard market information available for costing purposes。
Iii. Budget of construction plans
Working drawing evidence
The construction chart budget is the time period between the design of the construction drawings and the trading stage in which the bid control price and the bid proposal are determined. It targets the design drawings for the construction of the construction plans, and is based on the existing pricing specifications (infrastructure for the billing of quantities for construction works, specifications for calculating the volume of work for the corresponding works), consumption flats, market prices for man-made machinery, cost criteria, etc., and the construction construction project construction project construction project budget by grade (infrastructure, branch works, unit works, individual works)。
The total investment cost of construction for construction projects is also aggregated when required by the project。
The budget for this phase is essentially the price department of the designer。
Project resolution
CoNo, no, no, no
That is, a project settlement or a completion settlement. The traditional settlement is the reconciliation and settlement of the actual construction costs incurred by the construction works after the completion of the construction tasks。
Following the advancement of industry norms, it is generally possible to arrive at a consensual definition of “liquidation” in the present form, which is based on a contract for construction, a change in visa during construction, etc., and the final settlement of the price and completion of the construction process in accordance with the terms of the contract, the construction project settlement protocol and the latest inventory specifications, together with the consolidation and preparation of the actual construction price completion documents for construction installation。
The settlement was completed at this stage, essentially by the price department of the construction party。
World, completed accounts
Final account
The final account of the project is the financial summary of the actual cost of the completed project from its preparation to its operational use. The corresponding statements will need to be completed, the engineering price analysis performed, the double-counting of the indicator data (five, the accounts against two, the proposed budget) etc. At this stage, the accounts were completed essentially by the builder and the builder's pricing sector。
When you look at all the content and stages of the five above “calculation”, you find that there is something special in the period between 2 and the proposed budget. Mindful of the differences between other calculations, you will find that, at this stage, there are essentially no set requirements, i. E., no determination as to whether or not to produce an estimate. In practical terms, it is true that the design of the programme is linked to the design of the construction plan and that the price department of the final designer has produced a direct budget of 3。
But there is the question of how to ensure that the estimates do not exceed the previous estimates. Otherwise, the budget after the completion of the construction map would exceed the estimate, and there would be an associated risk that the final settlement and accounts would exceed the estimate。
If this difference is small, the probability is not problematic, the estimate itself is a pre-valued estimate, and many private developers do not necessarily make estimates, and it is a direct estimate。
But what if the difference is big? At this stage, the problem does not seem to be significant, as, as stated earlier, many private developers have not estimated, and the relevance of the estimates is worth studying。
For example, at the programme design stage of a project, 10 per cent of the cost of construction works has already been wasted? If, in the past, construction costs represented 50 per cent of the total investment in construction and the programme design phase amounted to 5 per cent of the total investment wasted, would that be a significant difference? This waste of 5 per cent is equivalent to a 5 per cent plus reduction in the net profit of the project (as many projects are extrapolated against construction costs)。
For the architects of the construction programme, the impact of the linkage between programme data and the construction and construction costs is significant, with 100 per cent or more of the impact if the project's earliest researchability were to be achieved, at least 75 per cent to 95 per cent。
The programme designer of the project should, at a minimum, achieve a model of understanding and understanding of programme data and the calculation of construction and construction costs, or even a broad extrapolation to ensure that the project's construction investment is consistent with the “economic” national policy。
The main share today is the estimate of investments in the five “calculations” of the hospital construction project, as well as a relatively rough construction price, ranging from 20 to 30 per cent. It has the advantage of offering a price only for the size of the proposed project. We'll go to the next issue to elaborate on the content of the proposed design budget
