Origin of species
There is a variant of var, with fat roots and leaves and vegetables. In addition, beet root is very rich in pigments, the main color is called beets (betalains), including red betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins. Most varieties of beet root contain more quantities of red beetcyanin and each 100 grams contains up to 200 milligrams of beet root, which is a good source of colour. Western europe produces over 200,000 tons of beet root each year, about 10 per cent of which is used for the processing of pigments. However, beet reds, which are sensitive to heat, oxygen and light, limit their application and are commonly used in foods such as ice cream, gel cheese, dry mixed foods and candy。
Vegetable beets are grown in their first year to produce thick, straight roots of meat that can be eaten. The second year is the year in which a large, multi-twisted penis grows, with a green bouquet of flowers; fruit and brown, like softwood, commonly known as “screw balls”. Straight root ball, ball, cone until long cone, the skin is generally deep red to deep purple red, and there are near white people, and the flesh is even when cooked. Vegetable beet is commonly cooked or pickled in the united states, and russian beet soup is the traditional beet soup in eastern europe. Sugar beet is the most important type of business, which was planted in germany in the eighteenth century. As a response to the british blockade of france, which prevented it from importing sugar, napoleon encouraged the cultivation of beet, from which sugar beet was widely grown in europe. In modern times, beet sugar accounts for about 2/5 of world sugar production, with ukraine, russia, the united states, france, poland, germany, turkey, italy, romania and the united kingdom as the main producers. Feed beet and leaf beet cultivation, like most crops, began in prehistoric times。
Development history: the soviet union, П. Karpenko, believes that sugar beet has evolved from wild species (b. Maritima) originating on the mediterranean coast. After long periods of artificial choice, white beet and red beet have appeared in the fourth century a. D. Sugar beet was widely grown in persians and ancient arabia in the 8th to 12th century a. D., and its varieties were then introduced from the centre of origin into the caucasus, asia, eastern siberia, india, china and japan. At the time, however, vegetables were mainly made of beet roots and leaves. In 1747, a. Maglav, president of the german prussia academy, first found sugar in beet root. By further artificial choice, his student, f. C. Ahad, developed a fat and sugary beet variety in the berlin suburbs in 1786. This is the most important variation of beet growing and the first sugar beet species in the world. In 1802, the world's first sugar beet factory was established in germany. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, french, russian and other countries developed the sugar industry。
Beet cultivation as a sugar crop began in the second half of the eighteenth century and is only 200 years old to date (2013). Today, beet cultivation accounts for about 48 per cent of sugar crops, followed by sugar cane in second place, in cold areas ranging from 65° n to 45° s. The area of beet seeded worldwide in 1985 was 8. 74 million hectares, with europe being the largest, followed by north america, asia being the third largest and south america the lowest. There are 43 beet-producing countries, with a total production of 277,887,000 tons, of which the soviet union, france, the united states, poland, the federal republic of germany and china are more cultivated
China's large area of sugar beet extraction began in 1906. It was first tested in the north-east and, following the establishment of the first beet sugar plant in 1908, was extended to other regions. The main production area is located north of latitude 40° n and comprises the three production regions north-east, north-west and north-west, with the north-east being the most cultivated, accounting for about 65% of the country's total beet area. These areas are all spring beet-breeding areas, with short frost-free periods, low temperature, longer sunlights, higher night and day temperatures, high single and sugary rates of beet and mild disease. In the south-western region, such as pilgrim in guizhou province, viening in sichuan province, eunshi in hubei province and yunnan province, albeit at relatively low latitudes, are also part of the spring beet-breeding area due to high altitude and large vertical changes in climate. The summer-run beet area of the yellow valley is a new area that has been developed and covers only 5. 5 per cent of the country's total beet area。
Form characteristics
Beet is a two-year herbiving plant with a length of 1-2 metres, leaves of 5-20 cm, leaves of variable shapes, long circle, heart or tongue, leaves with wrinkles or smoothing; flowers are small, green, with only 3-5 mm, 5 petals per diameter, and wind media. The fruit ball is brown in the form of several contour fruit; the root is the root of the meat, with a cone, with hammers and weeds, with different varieties of skin, such as red, purple, white, light yellow, cool climate, with sugar in the root, and can produce sugar, but beet is low in high temperature and humid areas. The roots are the straight roots, and the roots of the flesh, which are made of the bulk, are dominated by wedges, cones, hammers and hammers. The roots are divided into roots, necks and roots: the head of the root is tied to the neck, and the bottom of the root is the root body at the main diameter of 1 cm and the root tail below 1 cm in diameter. There is a ditch on each side of the root, growing a great deal of it. The sugar content is lowest at root, higher at root neck and highest at root. In terms of root faults, the highest sugar is found in the middle layer, the lowest in the inner layer and the lowest in the outer layer. At the time of seeding, the seedlings spread to the depth of the soil by about 15 centimetres, with the main roots entering the soil at a depth of 30 centimetres and the side roots of 5 to 10 centimetres. At the time of harvest, the main roots were in the ground at about 2 metres deep. The leaves are single leaves, grown from the buds at the top of the root, which are sprouted into the root, with a leaf handle and a wide variation of the leaves, but the shape of the leaves of the same non-sexist strain, which is either self-connected or reproduces sexually, is essentially the same. Each year, the plant is double-sized with a shield, a heart, a plough, a rectangular, a condo and a willow. The leaves are rib-shaped and the fractures are generally triangleed. Most of the leaves handles and the earth are called straight-line leaves with an angle of 70°; most of the leaves handles and the ground are called haze-like leaves at an angle of less than 30°; and they are called slant-like leaves。
The plant enters the reproductive stage in the second year. The root sprouts grow into twigs, the top sprouts grow into twigs, and the armpits grow into twigs. The branches born of the main branch and the side branch are the first branch, and the second branch is reborn from the first branch. The base of the flower branch is cylindrical; at the top, it is triangulated or muscular. Plantation can be divided into single branches, mixed branches and three branches by form. Both sexes, usually clustered on flowers by 3-5. At the lower end of the poach, each flower is made up of flowers, female and female. When flowers bloom, they form polyflower fruit, with three to five or seven to eight seeds, called multiparticle seed balls; single-born flowers form single fruit, with one seed, called single particle seed balls. Beet seed balls are the intermediate type of nuts and berries. Seeds are kidney-shaped and flatter。
Growing habits
Beets grow well in deep, organically rich soft soils; fertilizer and manure applications are effective. Irrigation is widespread and resistant to high saline levels of soils, but sensitive to strong acid soils and low boron. The lack of boron inhibits growth and causes black heart disease in the roots. Beets are widely grown in temperate and cold temperate areas, while hot areas are grown during the cool season. In a suitable climate, beet-breeders are 8-10 weeks long, while some feed beet is 30 weeks long。
The first year of growth was mainly nutritional growth, which can be divided into four periods of seedlings, thick leaves, growth of root sugar and accumulation of sugar. The second year of growth was dominated by reproductive growth, which can be divided into four periods of leaf bushes, poaching, flowering and seed formation. Beets are warm crops, but are more chilly. The total fertility period requires a temperature of 2,800°c and above 10°c. The appropriate average temperature during fertility is above 19°c. Roots are growing fastest at depths of 5 to 10 centimetres, with near-cut growth below 4°c. The difference in temperature between day and night is directly related to the increase in root and the accumulation of sugar, which can be increased by 15-20°c and 5-7°c at night. The maximum soil holding capacity suitable for root growth is 70-80 per cent. Root growth was inhibited at more than 85 per cent of the water hold; more than 90 per cent began to suffocate, resulting in death. The holding of water during the period of accumulation of sugar is slow to grow when less than 60 per cent of the water is held, the roots are small and woody, and of poor quality, which discourages the processing of sugar. Water is scarce for the pre-growth period, sufficient moisture for the medium-term fertility period and reduced water for the post-natal period. Precipitation during the whole reproductive period is appropriate for 300-400 mm, with less precipitation during the first month of the harvest, without which the sugar rate is significantly reduced. The appropriate number of sunlight hours is 10 to 14 hours. Under conditions of weak light, the luminescence is reduced and the roots grow slowly. The insufficient number of sunlight hours increases the total nitrogen, harmful nitrogen and ash content of the root and reduces the purity and sugar content of beet. Under shaded conditions, single sugar dominates the roots and changes in quality significantly。
Distribution
It originated on the western and southern coasts of europe, transplanted from sweden to spain and passed into china from the arab states about 1,500 years ago. Sugar beet was introduced into china in 1906。
Cultivation
