History
The name “finland” originates from a province in southwest finland that has been known as the finnish ministry since the eighteenth century. The name of Österland is the name of this land of eastern sweden. It was only around the fifteenth century that finland became synonymous with “Österland”。
Finnish history began more than 10,000 years ago with the settlement of human beings in the present finnish territory, and this primitive communal system continued in finland until the twelfth century。
The swedish regent biller jarer occupied finland in 1249 through the second swedish crusade. The crusade was launched in response to the tavastians' refusal to continue their conversion to christianity. Novgorod controls kalelia, which speaks eastern finnish. Sweden, for its part, took control of west kalelia in 1293 at the third swedish crusade. West karelia has since become part of the western cultural circle, while east karelia has gradually moved culturally towards russia and the orthodox church. Although east karelians remain closely associated with finns in terms of language and descent, they are usually treated as an independent people. The boundaries of the catholic and orthodox world are also set on the eastern border of finland with the nöteborg treaty of 1323。
Finland was integrated into the medieval cultural circle in the 13th century. In 1249, i will be introduced into finland and will have a significant impact. As early as the 14th century, the first sorbonne students were documented in finland. In finland, the city of turku is developing. Turku was the largest town in the kingdom of sweden, inhabited by businessmen and craftsmen of german origin. Although the urbanization of finland in the middle ages is very low. There are only some agricultural parishes and territories along the southern part of finland and along the gulf of bosnia. Other parts of finland are inhabited by sami who live in fishing and small-scale farming. In the 12th and 13th centuries, a large number of swedish immigrants migrated to the southern and north-western shores of finland. The swedish language is even more common in the islands between the aland islands and the aland islands and turku than today. Swedish is also used by upper classes in other parts of finland。
Turku established the episcopal church in the thirteenth century. The turku cathedral is the worship centre of st. Henry and the local cultural centre. The bishops of that time had greater religious authority than today and were often the most powerful on the ground. The bishop is usually finnish, but the commander in the castle is usually a nobleman from sweden or germany. In 1362, representatives of finland were invited to participate in the election of the king of sweden. This event is often seen as an expression of finland's integration into the kingdom of sweden. As part of the kingdom of scandinavia, the powerful and farmers who can afford one horse a horse form a gentleman and nobility class and are concentrated in southern finland。
The fort at viburg defends the eastern part of finland. Sweden and novgorod signed the nöteborg treaty in 1323, but this treaty is not permanently adhered to. In 1348, king magnus iv of sweden launched a cavalry against orthodox heresy, which ended up losing his support and losing his throne. The dispute between sweden and novgorod was aimed at controlling the northern bank of the gulf of bosnia and the wilderness inhabited by the savo people of eastern finland. Novgorod saw it as a fishing base and was dissatisfied with the slow infiltration of catholic immigrants to the west. During the 14th and 15th centuries, there were some intermittent clashes between sweden and novgorod, but most of them remained in a state of unstable peace. This is also the case with internal tensions。
The civil war in the scandinavian part of sweden in 1380 also affected finland. In 1389, the victor of the civil war, margaret i, brought all the kingdoms of sweden, denmark and norway under his own rule, the kalma alliance. In the next 130 years, various factions in sweden tried to break the alliance. Finland was also involved in this dispute, but during the 15th century, when the population grew and the economy developed, it seemed relatively well. By the end of the 15th century, the eastern border had become increasingly tense. The grand duchy of moscow has occupied novgorod and is a step towards reunification of russia. Between 1495 and 1497, there was a war between sweden and russia, and the fort ville fortress was surrounded by russia, which, according to the legend at the time, had been saved by a miracle。
In 1521, the kalma union collapsed and sweden returned to independence, with gustav i taking office as king of sweden. Under his administration, sweden accepted protestantism in 1527. The swedish administrative system has undergone a radical reform that has strengthened the state's control over local life and, of course, allowed for more taxes to be collected. Following the religious reform, monsignor mikael agricola published his new finnish translation。
In 1550, gustav i established helsingfors, later helsinki, but for two centuries it has remained a fishing village。
After gustave i died in 1560, his three sons succeeded. Among them, eric xiv, who began the expansion of sweden, included the estonian city of tallinn under his protection in 1561. Sweden has been in a state of war or quasi-war for 160 years since the war of livonia (1558-1583). During the first phase of the war, sweden, together with denmark, poland and russia, seized control over estonia and latvia. As a result, finns have been subjected to military recruitment, heavy taxes and harassment by the army. This led to the start of the finnish rebellion in 1596-1597, which ended with bloody repression. The tyavzino treaty signed with russia in 1595 moved the border between sweden and russia towards the east and the north, about the border between finland and russia today。
An important part of finland's 16th century history is the growth of agricultural concentration. The king encouraged farmers to move from savonia to the vast wilderness in central finland. This forced the sámi, who originally lived here, to leave. Some of the wastelands are the traditional hunting grounds of the karelians. In the 1580s, this led to a bloody guerrilla war between finns and karelias, particularly in the province of botten。
Between 1611 and 1632, king gustav ii adolph of sweden carried out a series of military reforms that transformed the swedish army from its former peasant militia into an efficient war weapon, possibly the best army in europe. He completed his occupation of livuniya and obtained the territory lost by russia in the stolbova treaty. In 1630, swedish and finnish troops entered germany to participate in 30 years of war. The finnish light cavalry, made up of finns, is known as “hakkapelititat”。
Following the signing of the convention of westphalia in 1648, sweden became one of the most powerful countries in europe. In the years 1637 to 1640 and 1648 to 1654, the finnish governor, count count per brahe, introduced a number of important reforms and built many cities. Its measures are often considered beneficial for finland's development. For example, in 1640, the Åbo college of finland's first university was established in turku. The full book of the finnish bible was also published in 1642。
However, heavy taxes and ongoing war and cold weather (small ice periods) allowed finnish farmers to spend a bleak time during this period. During the second northern war, between 1655 and 1660, finnish soldiers were transferred to fight in livonia, poland and denmark. The swedish political system has also become more and more patriarchal。
From 1638 to 1655, the kingdom of sweden also colonized the united states of america today in the delaware and pennsylvania regions. At least half of these immigrants are finnish。
Finland in the 17th century was controlled by lutheran ideology. In 1608, moses ' law was appended to secular law. The ludzong faith must be respected in all fields, the church has become compulsory and religious penalties have been widely applied. These provisions were published after the departure of bishop johan terserus, who wrote a teaching question and answer letter which was declared an heresy by the theologians of the royal institute of turku in 1664. On the other hand, the lutherans encouraged individuals to study the bible, making finland's first attempt to promote universal education. The church demands that every believer should be able to read the basic texts of the lutheran faith. While these provisions may be reached in the following text, they also enable reading skills to reach the population。
A famine that took place between 1697 and 1699 took about 30 per cent of the population of finland。
After the defeat of the swedish war with russia in 1808, when finland was occupied by the army of the russian tsar alexander i, finland left sweden and became an autonomous grand duchy within the russian empire, with the tsar acting as grand duke until 1917。
