New zealand。
About 270,000 square kilometres。
[population] about 5. 34 million (december 2025). By 2023, 67. 8 per cent of europeans were of immigrant descent, 17. 8 per cent were māori, 17. 3 per cent were asians (of whom 5. 6 per cent were chinese) and 8. 9 per cent were pacific island nationals (partly with a plural ethnic identity). The official languages are english and maori。
Wellington. The average temperature is about 16°c in summer and 8°c in winter。
King charles iii of england. The governor, who is the king's representative, is nominated by the premier and appointed by the king for a term of five years. The current governor, cindy kiro, took office in october 2021。
National day: february 6, “witangi day”。
[summary] lies in the south-western pacific ocean, west of the tasman sea, located 1,600 kilometres from australia. The islands consist of south, north and a number of small islands, which are separated by the cook strait. The country is mountainous, with mountains and hills covering more than 75 per cent of the country and small plains. Rivers are short and hurried and difficult to transport, but water resources are abundant. Volcanic and hot springs of the north and ice and lakes of the south. South island's cook peak is 3754 metres above sea level, the highest in the country. The coastline is approximately 15,000 kilometres long. Temperature marine climate. The average temperature is around 20°c in summer and 10°c in winter. Average annual precipitation of 600-1500 mm。
Maori have settled in new zealand since 1350. Dutch navigators landed in new zealand in 1642. From 1769 to 1777, british captain cook travelled to new zealand five times. Since then, britain has emigrated to new zealand in large numbers and declared occupation. On 6 february 1840, new zealand became a british colony under the treaty of waitangi between the british and the maori elders. Independence in 1907 became british self-government, with political, economic and diplomatic control. He became a sovereign state in 1947 and a member of the commonwealth。
There is no written constitution. The constitution consists of a series of laws and amendments passed by the british parliament and the new zealand parliament, and certain decisions of the british privy council。
The [parliament] unicameral system, with a house of representatives only, was established in 1854. Members of parliament are elected by universal suffrage for a three-year term. The current parliament, 54th, was formed in december 2023. Of the 123 seats, 49 are held by the national party, 34 by the labour party, 15 by the green party, 11 by the action party, 8 by the priority party and 4 by the maori party and 2 by the independent parliament. The current speaker of parliament, hon grey brownlee。
The labour party and the national party have been in power since 1935. In november 1993, the referendum decided to change the system of parliamentary elections from a simple majority to a mixed proportional representation. The first mixed proportional representation general election was held in october 1996, with the national party forming a coalition with the new zealand priority party. In october 2017, the labour party formed a coalition government with the new zealand priority party, the green party, and the labour party leader, jacinda ardern, was prime minister. In october 2020, the new zealand labour party won the general election with an absolute majority of more than half the seats in parliament, and adain was re-elected prime minister. In january 2023, adène announced his resignation and chris higgins took over as prime minister. Following the october elections in new zealand, higgins served as prime minister of the caretaker government. In november 2023, the new zealand national party, the priority party and the action party formed a coalition government, with christopher luxon, head of the national party, as prime minister。
The [government] executive council, composed of the governor and the minister, is the supreme statutory administrative body. The executive council is presided over by the governor, who in his absence is presided over by the premier or senior ministers. The governor shall be guided in the exercise of his powers by the recommendations of the executive council. The cabinet has power. The current government was formed in november 2023 by the national party, the priority party and the action party. Key members include: prime minister christopher luxon; deputy prime minister and minister for regulation david seymour; foreign minister winston peters; finance minister nicola willis; trade minister todd mcclay; justice minister paul goldsmith; and defence minister chris penk。
There are 11 regions, 5 single jurisdictions and 67 regional administrations (including 13 municipalities, 53 district councils and chatham islands parliament). The main cities are wellington, auckland, christchurch (christ city), hamilton, danidin, etc。
The [judicial] has the supreme court, the court of appeal, the high court, a number of local courts and specialized courts dealing with legal issues such as employment, family, youth, maori affairs, environment, etc. The supreme court was established on 1 january 2004 to replace the british privy council as the court of final appeal, comprising the chief justice and four judges. The court of appeal is composed of the president and nine judges. The high court consists of 38 judges and 7 associate judges。
The main ones are:
(1) national party (natio)Nal party: one of the governing parties. In 1936, the freedom party and the reform party merged. It represents mainly the interests of farmers, large entrepreneurs, lawyers, etc. In favour of a free market economy and privatization, opposition to excessive government intervention in the economy, strict regulation of welfare policies and cuts in government spending. Many times. After the 2017 elections, he became an opposition party, won the 2023 elections and led the formation of the cabinet. The current leader, christopher luxon。
(2) action party: one of the governing parties. Formerly association of consumers and taxpayers, founded by roger douglas, minister of labour government, changed its current name in november 1994. The current leader, david seymour, is deputy prime minister and minister of regulation。
(3) nz first party: one of the governing parties. Founded in 1993, it was formed jointly with the national party from 1996 to 1998 and with the labour party from 2005 to 2008. It advocated greater support for local economic development beyond large cities, restricted immigration and opposed the sale of strategic land and assets to foreigners. Following the 2017 general election, the plp and the green party were jointly elected. The 2023 general election returned to parliament. The current leader is winston peters, foreign minister of new zealand, who served as deputy prime minister from november 2023 to may 2025。
(4) labour party: main opposition party. Founded in 1916. Mainly representing the interests of low- and middle-income people, trade union organizations and maori are traditional supporters. It advocates democratic socialism, values the social welfare system and increases government intervention in social policy. Many times. The elections in 2017 were followed by a coalition with the new zealand priority party and the green party. In 2020, a government was formed with the green party. The current leader, chris hipkins。
(5) green party: formerly the value party, founded in 1972, merged with greenpeace in 1990 and changed its current name. Actively engaged in anti-war, anti-nuclear, environmental campaigns and defending the interests of vulnerable groups such as the elderly and poor. Joined the alliance party in 1991. Disengaged from the alliance party in 1999. After the 2017 general election, the plp, the first party, came to power. The government was formed in 2020 with the labour party. The current leaders marama davidson and chlöe swabrick。
(6) maori party: in april 2004, the associate minister for maori affairs, tariana turia, resigned and formed the māori party due to disagreement with the labour government on maori issues. It advocates the preservation of maori traditional interests and the protection of maori culture, customs and languages. The current co-heads are debbie ngarewa-packer and rawiri waititi。
Cindy keiro: governor. Female, the first governor of maori origin in new zealand's history, was the chief executive officer of the new royal academy of sciences. Permanently engaged in the fields of public health, child welfare, education, and received the order of the girl of new zealand. He took office in october 2021 for a five-year term。
Christopher rackson: prime minister. Elected new zealand mp in 2020. Former chief executive officer of air new zealand and speaker of the opposition national party for local government, research, science, manufacturing and land information. Leader of the national party in november 2021. New zealand prime minister in november 2023。
[the economy] is predominantly agro-pastoral and services are well developed. The main economic data are as follows:
Gross domestic product (2025): nz$445 billion
Economic growth rate (2025): 0. 2%。
Currency: new zealand dollar (nz$ 0. 574, march 2026)。
Unemployment rate: 5. 4 per cent (fourth quarter of 2025)。
[industry] is dominated by agro-forestry and pastoral products, mainly dairy products, blankets, food, leather, tobacco, paper and wood processing, and mainly for export. In recent years, heavy industries have been established, such as steel refining, oil refining, aluminium refining and the manufacture of agricultural aircraft。
[agriculture] highly mechanized agriculture. The main crops are wheat, barley, oats, fruits, etc. Livestock is well developed and dairy products and meat are the most important export products。
The forest covers 10. 1 million hectares, of which 8. 2 million are natural and 1. 8 million are planted. The main export products are logs, oars, paper and board, and the main export markets are australia, japan, china, korea, the united states, indonesia, taiwan, and others。
The main sources of tourism are australia, the united states, the united kingdom and china。
[external trade] in 2025, new zealand's foreign trade in goods totalled $22. 8 billion, of which $11. 15 billion was exported and $11. 405 billion imported. The main imports are petroleum, electromechanical products, automobiles, electronics, textiles, dairy, meat, forest products, crude oil, fruit and fish, etc. The main trading partners are china, the united states, australia, japan, the united kingdom and singapore。
The [military] governor is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the nominal supreme commander. The minister of defence, assisted by the commander of the defence forces, exercises effective control over the army. The commander of f-fdtl is the chief military adviser to the minister of defence and chairman of the chiefs of staff of the three armies. At the end of 1972, conscription was abolished and voluntary military service was introduced。
Education [education] is free in state primary and secondary schools, which are five years old; education is compulsory between the ages of 6 and 15. Major universities include: university of auckland, auckland polytechnic university, university of waikato, university of victoria, university of canterbury, university of massey, university of otago, university of lincoln. The main countries of origin of new zealand international students are china, korea, japan, india, etc。
There are more than 100 newspapers in the country, including the new zealand herald, the autonomous post, and radio stations such as new zealand radio, new zealand television and new zealand maori television。
[external relations] make relations with australia and the pacific island countries a priority direction for external relations; actively develop relations with the united states, maintain traditional relations with european countries and emphasize relations with asean countries; actively support and participate in united nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian assistance, seeking to play a role in international organizations; advocate multilateralism, advocating for the leading role of the united nations in international and regional affairs; support the multilateral trading system, promoting free and fair trade, valuing regional economic cooperation and actively promoting trade and investment liberalization processes such as the regional comprehensive economic partnership (rcep) and the comprehensive and progressive trans-pacific partnership agreement (cptpp); emphasize the defence of military forces and participation in peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, etc.; advocate continued international nuclear disarmament processes leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons; uphold the south pacific nuclear free zone and support the establishment of a south-east asian nuclear free zone; and actively participate in international efforts to combat climate change and counter-terrorism cooperation。
