For different munitions, their general classification may be based on their operational use. Examples include anti-armour munitions, soft anti-personnel munitions, attack ammunition, special munitions, etc. However, for the vast majority of artillery shells, the composition of the munitions is largely defined, as the artillery structure is essentially the same。
In general, ammunition is divided into two parts, combat and medicine. The effect of this is very well understood. The mcf is used to function as a gun, and the cartridge is provided for the energy that the mcf is flying out. So when we talk about power, we usually look at the combat department. And when it comes to range, we usually look at the medicine。
Let's start with warheads。
Indeed, the term warhead is not the only one, as the book says it should be called a warhead or a bulletball. Although the munitions vary according to their utility, they essentially contain several major components from top to bottom。
Windcap: the wind cap is at the front end of the warhead and is a bit like a guidance shield in a space vehicle. It is more round, mainly to reduce wind resistance and protect the warhead. The wind caps in modern artillery shells are generally made of material of a higher degree of brittle, which, in contact with the target, breaks immediately, giving the warheads of the shells their outer design function. Wind hats are most commonly caught in cap-piercing bullets and have now been phased out。
Fuses: the role of the fuse in the warhead is to detonate the primary charge. Fuses also fall into many categories depending on the main charge and the shell. The most common of these are contact with explosive fuses, time-delayed fuses, radio remote sensing fuses, pressure sensor fuses, etc. Since the types and effects of artillery shells are often partially superseded, the fuses of modern artillery generally use composite fuses. For example, our most common rpg7 rocket launcher is a time-delay fuse. When the rocket was exposed to a hard target, the contact fuse was triggered and the main rocket charge detonated. In the absence of a target, the rocket will detonate itself after a flight of 400 metres, using a time-delayed fuse。
Radio-remotely sensed fuses are generally used in anti-aircraft guns, the most famous of which is the vt anti-aircraft fuse, which saved countless united states navy soldiers in the end of world war ii, and the united states navy soldiers who survived the dynamite attack, and would like to hold the engineer who invented the fuse up and kiss him hard, and introduce him to his sister. And the master pilots in the guacamole are basically singing "hope flowers" and blow up into a shining fireworks in the air。
Pressure-sensitive fuzes are generally used in deep water bombs or cluster bombs to control flight heights or underwater depths, primarily by detecting the surrounding pressure and water pressure at any time, and are activated as soon as the pressure or water pressure reaches its intended value. For example, in the famous film u571, the british used a deep-water bomb to blow up a submarine with heptachlor。
Department of combat: the warhead plays a major role and is the most violent part of the whole shell (launcher: what do you say? The majority of the shells are classified according to the difference in the ministry of combat and can even replace the ministry of combat and not re-engineered the whole ammunition to develop new munitions quickly. Among them are the famous russian 76mm zis-3 artillery and its derivatives。
The zis-3 guns were designed as division field guns at the earliest, so that they contained high-explosive artillery shells, high-explosive fragmentation shells, hardballs, etc. The soviet forces later appeared somewhat insensitive in the face of the german steel-laden current, and these long-barreled field guns were very good as anti-tank guns, and were therefore equipped with large quantities of armour-piercing ammunition. Depending on their structure and style, these armour-piercing munitions are divided into armour-piercing grenades, armour-piercing bullets, cap-piercing bullets, hard core armour-piercing bullets, and anti-armour bombs. Concurrent with the german tanks there were aircraft in the sky, in addition to infantry, and a large number of m1938 76mm anti-aircraft guns were modified using this type of artillery. As a result, anti-aircraft fragmentation and anti-aircraft jamming bombs were specially modified. In the middle of the war, a large number of zis-3 guns were moved onto small panels and turned into battleships, which were also turned into naval guns. After the end of the war, the guns were also drained of their final residual value, partly as gifted cannons, and partly as distributed to firefighters, in conjunction with the drying of ice-dropping and forest-protected munitions, which could be described as very diligent。
Body: the shell is the shell on the outermost side of the warhead, which is the main part of all the combat units and fuses. This part, if it's fine, is too much to say, and its manufacturing process is simple and complicated, so we're just talking about shape. Our usual shell looks like a big winter melon, a sharpened cylinder, or a cone. Above this subject is the installation of wind hats and fuses and the internal loading of ammunition into the combat section. The role of the body subject in this process is that the department for the protection of combates has succeeded in stabilizing its targets and acting as a combat agent。
They have very bad working conditions (high temperatures and external forces) and are subject to very high pressure (hundreds of mps), as well as to stability (rotation or only stability) in the course of flight, and may end up in a final position (requirement for fragmentation), which can be described as a model of labour in the weapon。
Regular cartridges typically use shell steel as the primary material, and different cartridges can be divided into multiple parts according to operational needs, and may be adjoined as required during the production process. In general, a shell is divided into warhead parts, cylinders and tails. The warhead is mainly equipped with wind caps and fuses and a very small part of the charge, while the cylinder carries most of the battle charge, while the tail of the bullet generally acts as an increase range (the installation of a bottom exhaust or rocket increase)。
And it's very simple. It's just two parts, propellants and primers. Oh, yeah. There's the other one。
We have said a lot before about the charge and the fire, and we will not repeat it here. It is important to know that the quantity, mass, and fire state of the propellants have a tremendous impact on the ballistics and power of the shells。
I'm here, and what we're talking about is the outside barrel。
We usually call him a shell casing, which usually consists of two types, straight and bottled. The length of the cartridges is typically divided into semi-cylinders (semi-flammable cartridges) and full drums。
Linear cartridges are commonly found in large calibre sub-machine guns or in guns/guns with lower positioning precision requirements. More representative of these are the various types of pistols. For example, the well-known 9mm parabelum pistol and 0. 45 acp colt automatic pistols clearly show that there is no front-end in the cartridge case and that the maximum diameter of the cartridge is very different from that of the warhead。
The kit is designed to ensure as much launch capacity as possible under the same laboratory length, thereby increasing its power. The only disadvantage is that there is no ability to locate vials and therefore reliance on laboratory positioning precision, which is limited to assembly precision and therefore not high. Apart from this, the speed of the warhead is extremely limited, after all, the relative unit volume is smaller than the bottle. The same is true for shotgun bullets with low precision and initial velocity requirements。
In the case of artillery, since the size of the pharmacy can be designed to be large and the problem of positioning is solved by the multiple entanglements of the large warhead, a direct cylinder is also used for the sub-calibre artillery. Maximizing the space efficiency of artillery, thereby increasing its power。
Bottled cartridges are mostly used in medium-calibre fixed artillery and high-precision rifles. Bottled cartridges have more constricted slopes than straight cylinders and have a greater diameter than a warhead diameter. It is important not to underestimate this shrinking slope, which effectively relieves the gunpowder pressure and brushes, relieves the entire pharmacy of the warhead at a very high rate, improves its positioning capability and further improves its positioning capability so that the shell does not move brown after the launch of the artillery。
For example, the zis-3 artillery we mentioned earlier uses bottled cartridges, although the slopes and slopes of different munitions vary. For example, the type of shell pzgr. 39 used by the 88mm gun kwk36, used by the tiger (mey) tank, showed that the bottle was more straight than the barrel。
Having described the history of gunpowder in munitions, the classification of munitions, and the structure of munitions, let me turn to the most common types of munitions in modern warfare。
Category one, armour-piercing ammunition. By definition, it is against munitions with armoured targets。
In the nineteenth century, the world's mainstream guns used front-loading spherical bullets, which had virtually no armour-piercing capability, while the bullets were mostly lead, and there was no way of dealing with targets protected by armour such as steel plates. In the middle of the nineteenth century, european countries entered the age of steam armored warships, with a group of armoured warships headed by the warriors as the main force of combat, with absolute crushing pressure on the wooden fleet using the same artillery。
That's the cannon
That's armor-piercing
Think about it. You and your friends fight for the glory of the king. You've come up with a flat-a suit, and you're trying to fight the enemy, and it turns out that you're out there in armor, and you hit him with only one drop of blood, and the enemy is really hitting you. In the face of this iron bastard, it is impossible to fight without studying a new type of shell, and it is possible to fight the wind directly。
Thus, in the 1960s, the dominant military powers developed their own armour-piercing munitions. Armour penetrating rounds were mostly filled with solid sand bullets during this period. The armour-piercing shell casings during this period were used for casting iron or machine-processed projectiles, and a certain amount of sand was delayed internally to compensate for the weight of the ammunition. Since the development and management of the ship's waterlocks during this period was not as regulated as during world war ii, most of the ships of this age used wood-based main structures and coated steel. Thus, as long as the armour problem is resolved, it is then by force that the dragon bones of the warships are destroyed and they are brought into the water。
The meridian war of 1894 has been a permanent pain for us, the most disturbing of which is the lack of attention to the navy by the qing dynasty, and the use of naval shells to pour sand. In practice, however, the artillery shells, especially armour-piercing bombs, which were used by the army at the time, were not different from the western mainstream and were used by all. What really led to the defeat of the battle at midday was the intergenerational gap between weapons and equipment, as well as the failure of command. The story of the battle is enough for us to write a book, so not much here。
Armour-piercing bombs have been used as naval shells for a long period of time since their appearance and for a considerable period of time only as second-selection shells (first chosen as pellets or grenades). The real lifting of armour-piercing munitions to the mainstream was at the end of world war i when tanks became new weapons。
In the end of world war i, germany was unable to resist the massive use of tanks as a new and sharp armoured weapon for the first time in the british army's battle against combre. Neither machine guns nor artillery can easily cause direct damage to tanks, and tanks destroyed on the battlefield are even less than the size of the tank that was captured in its malfunctioning puddles. During the battle for the som river, two thirds of the lost tanks were captured by german forces and indirectly contributed to the development of the german a7v tank。
On the margins of the first and second world wars, anti-tank munitions developed at a fast pace, even beyond the build of naval guns on armour-piercing munitions, developing the types of ammunition that had been widely used during the second world war, such as armour-piercing grenades, hood-piercing bullets and anti-armour bombs. High-speed tungsten core armour-piercing munitions were also used on a large scale in the latter part of world war ii, while dehuming armour-piercing munitions were also on the battlefield at that time。
Armour-piercing howitzer (ap/aphe), by definition, explodes. The greatest difference between this type of munition and conventional high-explosive bombs is the improvement of armour-piercing capacity by improving the quality and hardness of gun steel. Although the armour-piercing capacity is not as good as the iron winter melon (the solid armour-piercing bullet), it is better to complete the implosion burning instantaneously than the battlepower of the tanks that are capable of penetrating the platinum。
The hooded armour-piercing bomb (apcbc) is a armour-piercing bomb designed specifically for surface seepage of carbon armour. Surface carbon seepage technology allows for armour-enhanced hardness. This has led to the exposure of less rigid and less velocity armour-piercing munitions to the armour surface and to their own fragmentation, thereby protecting the occupants of the vehicle. This surface seepage of carbon armour, however, is most feared by armour-piercing bullets that are sharper than he is hard enough and counterproductive in the face of a more hard shell. The cap-piercing bullet flattens the warhead of the shell and adds a hardened bump to the middle of the warhead and an additional windcap at the front end. It's like you're wearing a top hat. It's just to reduce wind resistance. It's the toughest skinhead。
Decryption armour is a very special inactivity armour-piercing munition, which uses the menro effect to concentrate chemically, to form a direct metal blast flow and to use this high-temperature high-pressure metal current to carry out an attack on an enemy armoured target. Our common rpg anti-tank is a piece of armor。
During the second world war, it was the germans who were the first to apply the anti-armour rounds, which were equipped on the 4-barrel tank and were able to strike the enemy tank in an accurate manner at a remote distance. And the greatest use of this non-dynamic chemical munition is for infantry anti-tanks, and the german-made iron fist anti-tank recoilless gun is a classic generation. The old fur had to hang a human flesh explosion armor outside the tank
The mainstream armour-piercing ammunition for modern tanks is simple, namely, a stabilized tail-piercing shell (apfsds) dubbed a steel needle。
With the end of world war ii, modern armoured technology has grown more mature, and explosive reaction armour has become more sophisticated, neither conventional armour-piercing nor chemically kinetic armour-breaking bombs have been able to cause too much damage to modern composite armour. As a result, a tail-stabilized de-decoration bullet based on improved tungsten alloy hard core penetrating bullets from world war ii has gradually become the world's mainstream。
This type of armour-piercing bullet is most commonly used for a slide-barrel gun, which, in its appearance, resembles an arrow plume, with an aluminum alloy to ensure the air density of the chamber. This type of ammunition, which appears to have no technical content, is now the dominant development of anti-tank munitions. The reason is simple: the smooth-barrel has very high chamber pressure and initial speed, and the higher the speed, the greater the impact of the blast, the greater its resistance. The slid-barrel, in turn, is not able to use the original rotation stability, so that it can only develop a small, highly rigid, high-speed storage and tail-wing stable flight ammunition。
In order to stabilize the acceleration of the de-hull penetrators within the chamber of the gun, the pins act as a firm heart and a closed gas, maximizing the amount of energy given by the absorption charge. After the cannon was loaded, and as a result of air resistance, the pins separated, leaving only the cores of very high mass to continue to fly。
It's very understandable, actually. Take what we call bow and arrow movement. The arrows that we often train to shoot are our common little arrows that can stay stable in the air for a longer period of time, and are firmly anchored in the target after hitting. And not only can the children we see or the arrows we shoot not only do not fly for long periods of time, they also have a poor ability to target and do no harm to people. That's a good understanding of why apfsds ammunition of the same calibre has more than 600 mm rha penetrating capability, and it's hard to hit an armoured vehicle
Category ii, disabling munitions。
Ordnance-type munitions are typically used against conventional soft and semi-hard targets, such as infantry, infantry hiding in buildings, infantry hiding in trenches, infantry hiding in bunkers (infant: who am i fucking messing with? The world's oldest category of ordnance, explosive ordnance, continued to appear in the middle of the nineteenth century. The early explosive ordnance was referred to as a projectile, which was designed to be a gunpowder jar with a ring of fuses, due to the premature introduction of technology. Although there is a lack of stability and practicality, the power is considerable。
High explosive (he)
Such shells are one of the most common and, in general, high-explosive munitions are used mainly to damage the enemy with explosives inside the warhead's combat unit. After detonation, the explosive would produce a violent explosion, with an extremely high temperature at the centre of the explosion, accompanied by a very strong ultra-pressure shock, which would cause tons of damage to the structure of the building. The infantry within the shock wave can be crushed directly by the shock wave, even if there are no signs of injury on the surface, and the internal injuries are actually enough to kill。
The greatest characteristic of such shells, compared to high-explosive fragments, is that they are thinner and more heavily loaded. The lethal effects are small in scope, but the permeability of the shock waves largely ignores the terrain。
High explosive fragments (frag-he)
This type of shell is one of the most common anti-iron artillery shells, which, in general, use large amounts of debris generated by explosive explosions inside the warhead's combat unit. These fragments have extremely high penetration and lethal capacity. For example, a fragmentation weighing 42 kg of 152 mm high-explosive shrapnel can directly cover all standing infantry within a radius of 80 metres, even if it reaches 300 metres. It can be said without mercy that a 152-mm shell can directly reimburse the entire basketball stadium for all of its members, while the standard american football stadium requires only one 203-mm shell。
Gunshot
The sound of the grenade is one of the oldest anti-iron artillery shells in the world, based on the principle that it is an amplified shotgun, with the aim of lifting tens of thousands of shells out of the cannon and sifting all the infantry in the area covered. It was called a grape bomb during the line of fire, but i really don't want it。
In addition to these common artillery shells, there are submersible shells, empty blast grenades, cloud bombs, gas battles and smokescreen bombs, incendiary bombs, napalms, flares, flares, etc., and dozens of different types of artillery shells in millions of different types. The contents of the munitions are not finished for three days or three nights, and if there is any particular interest in which munitions, you can leave a message and tell me that i will try to satisfy you。
I'm sure a lot of small partners have been blindfolded by so many dry products, and alan, i admit, i'm not very popular as a cope writer. It's not just because i'm really into these so-called dry goods, it's actually for show. Alan, i'm a bit hard on language, but i've done everything i could to put something funny around the knowledge point. After all, the article is a tougher science article, and it is hoped that you will be able to read it quietly and carefully, and that any information that you do not understand will be available online. I believe there is a systematic understanding of these knowledges after reading aaron's trilogy, which is the very purpose of my three hard-core scientific articles. After reading these trilogys, the military fan partners will have a systematic upgrading of their knowledge and will benefit later judgement on some military news。
