The procurement of services, which is characterized by the non-physical nature of the subject of the procurement, the breadth of the scope of the procurement, the complexity of procurement criteria, the geographical limitation of procurement and the long-term nature of the procurement cycle, is carried out in accordance with general procurement patterns and procedures, and is organized in conjunction with the characteristics of the procurement of services. This paper analyses the five stages of service demand, procurement modalities, scoring methods, price points and contract forms。
The procurement of force services has been expanded, with the gradual expansion of targeted services such as information operations and maintenance。
Procurement requirements
Full research and development of standardized databases
Currently, the procurement of services includes, inter alia, meetings, training, hospitality, scientific research and development, printing, publishing, insurance, leasing, property management, professional counselling, etc., and the gradual expansion of the procurement of services determines the increasing scope of the procurement of services. At the same time, the description of material needs is more consistent because of the corresponding technical standards for products, clear specifications and ready-made physical samples, while services lack uniform national standards, and even if some industry associations have regulations, they are less operational and binding。
Accordingly, there is a need to respond to the demand characteristics of different services。
First, to conduct in-depth market surveys, experience different services, increase awareness of services, learn about the latest solutions available in the market, expand service demand solutions, revise standards and norms requirements for improving service demand functions, avoid outdated concepts of demand for services, technological backwardness and an uneven number of problems, and develop mandatory service indicators in combination with demand, by comparing and analysing the characteristics and nature of services offered by potential service providers, so as to meet the actual demand for services, their quality and affordability, while ensuring that the market is available and valued。
Secondly, it is necessary to look at typical cases, to examine in detail visits to pre-clients, to learn about service experience satisfaction, to learn about the strengths and weaknesses of service providers and improvements in service requirements, and to improve technical standards and service requirements in procurement plans or tender documents。
Finally, a standardized service database could be attempted by the procurement management, with the item code, project name, description, qualitative quantitative indicators and fee rates for all types of services being fined out. Demand units could be randomly selected and modularized in the preparation of service requirements, producing standardized service demand lists for printing, regulating service standards and consumption limits, and addressing the problem of difficult to describe service demand, and over- (shortfall) of services。
Form of procurement
Traditional procurement + new procurement
Services procurement can be classified as labour, technical and creative. In general, labour-type services have low added value and risk, highly competitive markets, relatively mature service regulations and fees, such as meetings, reception, printing, property, etc.; creative services have high value added and risks, and professional industries are fined, and two levels are highly fragmented, especially with fewer high-end market service providers, and there are wide variations in service provider capabilities and fees, such as professional consulting, professional design, software development, etc.; and technical services are in between, such as vehicle maintenance, maintenance of electrical and electronic power。
In general, the number of labour- and technology-based demand service providers combined with the characteristics of service procurement and demand, and the ease with which technical standards can be described, make it advisable to organize in traditional forms of procurement. Creative demand, because of unclear technical standards, inaccurate description of needs, or even unspecific demand for services, makes it advisable to organize in new forms of procurement, such as two-stage tendering, request for advice and design competitions。
In a new form of procurement, the first phase involves technical tendering for the specific content and solutions of the service, the submission of a tender proposal by the service provider that does not specify the bid, the negotiation of a virtual service code and procurement requirements; and the second phase, the commercial offer for the entry programme, the requirement for the service provider to present a competitive bid and the selection of the appropriate pre-supplier using a competitive evaluation among service providers。
New forms of procurement have better served the advice and creativity of service providers in terms of the demand for services using professional advantages than traditional forms of procurement. For individual, small-value, fragmented service lines, targeted procurement can be undertaken, benefiting from the regional pool of procurement advantages, organized by regional safeguard agencies, centralized procurement and decentralized services, with demand units being flexible in selecting service content based on the results of centralized procurement and the actual needs of individual cases, taking into account differences in procurement scale benefits and requirements。
Project review
The best option is the best way to evaluate the bid
In general, labour-type services, especially regularized services, with recognized standards or experience recognition, are preferred to the lowest evaluated bid method; creative services, with a focus on intellectual labour, are technically complex, highly specialized and have a significant impact on follow-up, and integrated ratings are preferred。
At the time of the evaluation, the service provider submits materials such as service programmes, project proposals and corresponding qualifications, cases, technical programmes and qualifications that do not meet project requirements and do not meet key indicators, and are processed with invalid bids。
Formally, it is possible to assess whether its programmes and qualifications meet the requirements through written clearance, on-site experience, exchange of discussions, or to recommend the review of project proposals by the on-site evaluator, revise them and then review them, or to benchmark more than three programmes against which service providers optimize the programme and offer offers. For example, the comic production procurement project allows the comic production corporation to provide similar success stories and to test the shape and specific fragments of the cartoons against the needs of the project, judging their understanding of the needs and their ability to create. Further, if the professional fair were to be procured, the 360-degree dynamic panorama design impact map of the exhibit could be used as a score. The score for case and sample could even be used as a substantive provision, with clear lines of eligibility, and those below would be considered as material non-response。
In the evaluation process, all service providers should be treated fairly, with a view to giving suppliers with the capacity and ability to deliver quality and affordable goods and services the opportunity to insist that service prices are reasonable and that the quality of service is good, and that “soft indicators” of service experience become “hard clauses” for bid evaluation, making the evaluation method more operational and scientific。
Rationally set price points
Using the integrated rating method, price values are determined mainly by the complexity of technical standards for service content, technical performance variables and post-sales services, intellectual creation and the degree of impact on later procurement. If the impact is high, the price share should be set at 30-40 per cent; in the more exceptional case, the value may be set at less than 30 per cent; and if the impact is low, the value should be set at 40-60 per cent。
For bulk purchases of sporadic demand, the unit of demand will generally provide only a single offer and will not set a total offer, such as vehicle maintenance stakes and mechanical extension services, and the unit of demand will be able to select the corresponding service content and the corresponding service price according to actual needs at the time the contract is signed。
At the time of the evaluation of the price score, different weights may be given to the individual items of the list, depending on the number of services selected, the price of the service and the degree of importance of the previous contract performance, and the revised total price calculated on the basis of the unit price may be used as the total bid price, followed by a price score. This takes into account the different proportions of technology, creation and labour content of different sub-items in the procurement of the same services, and is consistent with the actual availability of different sub-items in the implementation process。
Where service standards are clear, ancillary to the procurement of goods and the cost of services is higher than the total price, there are relatively clear guidance prices or authoritative prices in the market, such as large supermarket chains, online trading platform indices, etc., which can be used as bid prices directly as discounts to guide prices or authoritative prices and to calculate price scores。
Contract signing
Flexible choice of contract form
Since services differ from goods, lack clear technical standards, specifications and even specific requirements, the procurement of services may be made more in the form of change-over gross price contracts, unit price contracts and fee-for-cost contracts, as well as more flexible forms of contract, such as indefinite contracts, fixed-point agreement contracts, etc., than when the majority of goods are procured in the form of fixed-sum contracts。
The change in the total price contract, taking into account, inter alia, the changes in the cost of the service resulting from the national minimum wage, the employment policy and the change in the number, quality, geographical location, time frame and service completion cycle resulting from the adjustment of the national policy during the service provision period, should include an agreement on the basis and method of adjustment of the total price adjustment。
The unit price contract, which takes into account, inter alia, differences in service requirements, changes in mission content and requirements, as well as gaps in the list of services, requires a revision of the total price on the basis of the unit price, which is generally stated in the list of contracts and is revised on the basis of the unit price, which is not included in the list of contracts and is revised by reference to similar or previous contracts. For example, where the range of changes in service delivery is specified, it is recalculated at unit prices; increases are offset by preferential crediting on the basis of the original unit price; and decreases are accounted for at moderate upwards。
Where the creative intellectual value added is high, the demand for services is tight, and the service provider's market is too small, projects that need to be fully driven by the service provider's intellectual creation can be in the form of a cost-plus contract that effectively secures the profits of the contract, reduces the risk to the service provider and motivates the service provider。
Where the standard of service is clearer, subordinate to the services of the goods procurement project, and where the individual service content is small and the service experience is dispersed, it may be used in the form of an indefinite contract or a fixed-point agreement contract, through the centralized procurement of a clear concessionary price for the service line and the range of service providers, with multiple bids for consumption。
