Have you ever experienced the embarrassment that the numbers on the smart weight scales are so high and low that they don't eat much but show two pounds of fatness; that the automatic brightness of the mobile phone suddenly rises to the brightest in the dark, so it can't open its eyes; and that the infrared thermometer sweeps three times to the forehead and takes out three different temperature values。
It's not the device's “temporal” and it's probably the “translator” behind it — the sensor “turns the wrong word”. You know, the machine is relying on it to read the signals of the physical world, to laugh if translation is not possible, to make a big mistake in industrial production, medical monitoring. Today, we are here to reveal the names of the gold translators and to see how they are able to deliver the truth about the physical world with precision。
For example, the machine is compared to a diplomat who only speaks “telecommunications mandarin”, whereas pressure, light and temperature in the physical world are different “dialects”. The work of sensors is to stand in between and accurately translate the dialects into mandarin. In order to play this role, it is necessary to master a few hard-core “translators”。
Pressure effect: “precision stenographer” for “notes” for pressure
The work of the stenographer requires that, whether the feathers are touched lightly or the hammer is hit hard, the size of the force must be recorded with precision, not more or less。
When you sing to the microphone "the treasure plateau", the vibrating acoustics are high and softly smooth when the bass is low; and the weight of the shoelaces is accurately factored into the electron scales. In these scenes, voltage sensors are the stenographer。
Its “translator pen” hides the special materials of stone crystals, voltage ceramics, which are “naturally charged”. In the absence of power, the positive and negative charge inside these materials is like soldiers in the playground school team, 20% in pairs and 20% in a row, which is neutral as a whole; but once squeezed or stretched, the “charge line” is forced “to be deformed”, and the positive and negative charge is forced to gather at both ends of the material, just as the two teams are pushed to two corners of the playground -- i don't know. As a result, both ends of the material naturally create voltage. It's similar to our pressure springs: the harder the hand presses, the more visible the reformation of the springs; the greater the pressure on the sensors, the more the charge is separated, and the stronger the voltage signal that eventually comes out。
In order to avoid the “flip” pressure details or “mistake” interference signals, the engineer had already equipped the “fault-proofing” to the “sniffer”: before the electronic scales were out, the “check” was repeated with a standard code to the gram, calibrating the “1 kg pressure against the fixed voltage value”; the voltage elements in the microphone were more nuanced, and the custom “filtering cotton” was used as a “soundproof barrier” to keep the air blowing, air flow, etc., out of the door, and focused only on recording the true pressure signals of the acoustic vibration。
In the hospital ultrasound, voltage sensors can both launch ultrasounds and receive signals reflecting human tissue. It translates micro-vibration of a few micrometres into a voltage signal that accurately identifies the position of the foetus's heartbeat or tumour, with an error of not more than 0. 1 mm. Even more powerful is the seismic monitor, which can also capture the weak tectonic vibrations from distant earthquakes and buy time for earthquake warning。
And, you know, the ignition lighter's also a "part-time" of voltage sensors -- the mechanical force when you press the button, which is translated into a volts volts high voltage, and the electric sparks that light up the gas. Next time you use the lighter, feel the flash of the stenographer
Photoelectric effects: “flaming eye gold hunter” for light “numbers of particles”
The work of hunters requires that neither the midday sun nor the late night candles be precise in the number of light particles (photos), and not a few of them cannot。
In the midday sun, mobile screens are automatically tuned to avoid your obscurity; they walk into dark cinemas, and the screen remains silent; even in the dark, solar panels can “capture” to the microlights that are scattered in the air to produce electricity — these sweet moments are hidden in the shape of the photohunters。
Its "hunting rifle" is a "photo receiver" made of semiconductor material. When the light reaches the surface of the material, each tiny photon is like an energy-bearing “dart”, precisely hitting the electron inside the material - so long as the photon energy is sufficient that the electron can be “beated out” from the material's “lock”. These liberated electronics flow in groups, creating electricity currents. The brighter the light, the more the darts are dense, the more electrons are struck, and the more natural the current. It's like hitting a flock of birds with slingshots, the more slingshots are fired, the more dense the birds are shot and the more electric currents are formed。
In order to avoid misperception of the “hunter”, the sensor will incorporate filters — such as filters from the mobile phone environment light sensor — allowing only visible light passage, filtering out ultraviolet and infrared interference light; the camera ccos sensor will be divided into pixels, each of which corresponds to a micro-photoelectric element, ensuring that each detail of the light is accurately recorded and that there is no “flip” translation。
A bar-code scanning gun at a supermarket that quickly identifies black and white stripes with a pv sensor — black stripes absorb photons, white stripes reflect photons, and sensors translate this “blow and dark change” into electro-voltage signals, which correspond to commodity information. It can be identified 50 times a second, even if your hands are shaking, it's accurate. There are also light-controlled street lights that allow for a precise distinction between “twilight” and “deep night”, which are activated when the twilight time line weakens to a given value and do not turn off late at night because the moon light is stronger。
Thermal power effects: “notarized diplomats” for temperature differentials
The job requirement of “diplomats” is to measure accurately the temperature differentials of both points, whether in the cold or in the heat, and not to exaggerate or reduce them。
Infrared thermostat pistols produce body temperature at the top of the forehead; thermal dolls in industrial furnaces monitor the temperature of the furnace in real time to ensure that iron and steel smelting temperatures are accurate to ±1°c. In these scenes, thermal electrical sensors are the notary。
Its “notarized tool” is a “thermal voltage” made of two different metal welds — like having a unique “temperature scale” for a “diplomat”. Engineers weld the tails of metals with different characteristics, such as copper and iron, to the “hot” end (e. G. On the object to be measured) and the “cold” end (to remain in the constant temperature environment). When the heat temperature rises, the electrons here are like people who get heated, they get restless and they move intensely, and the cold electrons also walk around like air conditioning rooms. Heavy motion electronics follow the metal “runway” to the cold “empty seat”, like crowds rushing to the exit during the break-up, creating stable voltage in the back and back roads. The greater the temperature difference, the higher the heat electrons' “immigration enthusiasm”, the faster the flow to the cold, the stronger the voltage signal that eventually comes out - this is similar to two different reservoirs, and the greater the difference, the greater the flow of water from higher to lower。
In order to keep the “temperature notary” from the “judging” of the uron, the engineer had already equipped it with the “faultproof kit”: in the case of an “infrared thermometer”, it would contain an additional microsensor by its “cold end” that would monitor ambient temperatures in real time, equivalent to a “calibration calibration” for the “notary scale”, ensuring that cold end benchmarks were stable and that the measured temperature was natural and accurate; and the “serving” thermoelectric dolls in the industrial furnaces were more rigid, and would be wrapped into the “sorts” of special materials resistant to high temperature, even “working” in a high-temperature chamber at 1,000°c for a long period of time, to withstand corrosion, withstand deformation and maintain a stable “translation” level。
The home oven thermostat monitors the temperature inside the oven using thermal electric sensors. When the temperature reaches the set value, the sensor translates the voltage signal to suspend the heating tube; the temperature drops by 1 °c and triggers the heating tube. It's precisely the kind of precision that makes the cake so soft that it doesn't burn. The temperature of the thermostat also shows that the thermoelectric sensors are also responsible for showing the temperature of the inner water in real time, with an error of no more than 0. 5°c。
Hall effect: “genius decipher” for “ciphering” the magnetic field
The work of the “depreciator” requires a precise interpretation of its strength and direction, whether it be a strong or a weak magnetic field, and that it be neither crowned nor ambiguous。
Cell phones are turned off as soon as the cap covers are closed and the screen is turned on; the abs system accurately monitors the wheel speed when the car moves. In these scenes, hall sensor is the "depreciator."。
Its "translator" is a well-designed semiconductor chip, like a dedicated computer that can read intangible passwords for the "interpreters". When the current is like a full “electronic long river” that passes through the semiconductor, the “electronic flow” is pushed in the direction of the “lorentzian” when a vertical magnetic field is added to it — like a directed wind suddenly blows into the rain, and all electronics are brushed to the same side of the semiconductor. As more electrons gather on one side, there is a clear “power differential” on both sides of the semiconductor, which is hall's voltage that accurately reflects the magnetic field. The stronger the magnetic field, the greater the “side wind”, the more concentrated the electrons are, the greater the natural difference between the voltage on both sides. It's like when you walk at a flat pace in the hallway, the more you push your shoulder with constant force, the farther you move away from the central line of the corridor, and the “distant distance” is the intuitive “translation” of the magnetic field by hall's electric voltage。
In order to avoid “translation errors”, the sensor uses a “turn design” - ensuring that the magnetic field is vertically and the current direction is vertically, resulting in the most stable voltage; the horticultural elements in the mobile phone are covered by a shield, filtering out the discrete magnetic field generated by other electronic elements and identifying only the magnetic field that protects the magnet in the shield。
The guidance function for smart watches, the direction of the earth's magnetic field through the hole sensor, and the translation of magnetic field signals into “south-east and north-west” instructions, are no more than 5 degrees of error in high-rise cities. There is also an electric cycling wheel, which changes the position of the internal magnet, and the hall sensor senses a strong and weak change in the magnetic field, translated into a voltage signal to control the speed of the electric motor, so that the speed of the vehicle changes smoothly, without sudden acceleration or deceleration。
"accurate translation" is the bottom line of the intelligent world
From the “pressure schematic” of the voltage effects to the “photo-hunting” of the photoelectric effects; from the “temperature differential” of the thermoelectric effects to the “magnetic field decipher” of the hole effects — the core competitiveness of these “golden translators” has never been “translation”, but “correct translation”。
We can trust smart devices: we believe that blood sugar readings can guide medicine, we believe that autopilot sensors can avoid barriers, and we believe that weather station sensors can predict weather precisely — all from sensor “zero error” translation. They're like the machine's "reliable ears and ears" that pass every detail of the physical world precisely to the machine's "brain."。
The next time you meet the smart device, "sweet people," don't just admire the magic of technology. Let's give a little credit to the sensor behind it — it's this “no-bitch” translator who has made the machine read the world and made our lives safer and smarter. And in the future, with technological advances, these “translators” will become more precise and sensitive, and perhaps one day they will be able to sense the microworld that we cannot see and open the wider door to technology。
By north sensor
