Ministry of agriculture and rural development
Wheat is divided into leather barley and nudity barley, depending on whether the seed grain shells are found. Spring and winter areas of pidley are used mainly as beer raw materials and feed. In order to fine-tune the structure of cultivation, develop the production of wheat, promote scientific cultivation and increase the efficiency of cultivation, the ministry of agriculture and rural development's small grains expert steering group, together with the national centre for agricultural technology promotion, has produced technical guidance for the production of barley (py barley) in 2019。
I. Spring area
Spring barley is mainly distributed in heilong river, inner mongolia, gansu and xinjiang provinces (districts) and is dominated by beer barley, with small amounts of fodder and straw barley。
(i) north-east region. The region comprises mainly heilongjiang, liaoning, jilin and the central and eastern parts of inner mongolia。
1. Selection of good species, adapted to local conditions. In accordance with local ecological characteristics and production conditions, good varieties of beer barley are selected and certified by seed management, which are more springy, pre-cooked, drought-resistant and suitable for local cultivation。
Flow bottom, fine. The winter snowfall is normal and the soil is better. Deep-drying soil needs to be dredged and before the land is broadcast live, it should be pre-crushed to ensure seeding. Bottom fertilizer is applied with seeds during seeding, with acres applying 9 kg of pure nitrogen, 9 kg of phosphorous pentaoxide and 2 kg of potassium oxide。
3. Cultivation is scheduled to take place in a reasonable manner. It is the choice of corn, soybeans, oilseeds, sunflowers, etc., to be grown in the front row. Soil surfaces can sow seeds at depths of 2 to 3 cm, as early as possible. From 1 to 25 april in the southern part of the heilong river, from 20 march to 20 april in the western part of the country, the north-west and north-eastern parts of the heilong river could be extended from 5 may to 10 june. Seeds are dry before planting. In areas with higher rainfall or better irrigation conditions, fields with an average fertility of more than 300-350 kg, with an acre target of 300-350 kg, are maintained at an appropriate level of 300-350,000 basic seedlings per acre; seeds with a gestation rate of 95 per cent and a mass of 45 grams per kilo are seeded at 15-17 kg per acre. Dry slopes can increase sowing as appropriate, but not more than 20 kg per acre. Mechanical broadcast, 15-20 cm, followed by repression。
Scientific irrigation, rational fertilization. Water is watered with head water during the tri-leaf or albatrosses, two during the sprouts and two or three times during the whole reproductive period. Water-saving irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation or spray irrigation, are generally used to save water and reduce production costs. Lower soil fertility and low-prevalence plots can be followed up with appropriate nitrogen fertilizer in combination with irrigation. When beer barley is spiking, nitrogen fertilization is generally stopped in order to avoid excessive protein content in seed particles, which affects the quality of the brewing process。
5. Prevention and control of disease and quality. Stripes and root diseases are the main causes of barley in the region. The treatment of stripes can be combined with suitable medication. Roots can be sowed with suitable agents and fertilized or ploughed, and foliage is administered during the pecking period。
6. Timely storage, anti-fouling. Green-saved barley is harvested in the later stages of machining or before waxing, beer barley is harvested during waxing and fodder barley is harvested during ripening. Beer and fodder barley are to be taken off, dried and stored in a timely manner to prevent morbidity。
(ii) northwest territories. The district comprises mainly the provinces of gansu, ningxia and xinjiang. The region has low rainfall, and drought-resistant water should be given high priority in barley cultivation。
1. Selection of good species, adapted to local conditions. High-yielding beer and barley varieties with a longer reproductive period, a weaker spring age, and high-yielding fertilizers are preferred for agricultural lands with lower altitude and better irrigation conditions. In the unirrigated slopes above 2,000 metres above sea level, it is advisable to select arid, low-temperature, pre-cooked species。
Flow bottom, fine. By winter, the fields will be destroyed, irrigated and arable land will be sprung and the seedlings will be broadcast in the spring. Irrigated plots of land that have not been irrigated before the winter and which are under-fed are subject to spring irrigation. Before seeding, the bottom of the ground was applied in combination with the open ditch, and the pursuit of fat was largely discontinued in the long run. The application of bottom fertilizers shall be determined by the actual force of the ground, with a normal acre application of 12 kg of pure nitrogen, 10 kg of phosphorus pentaoxide and 2 kg of potassium oxide。
3. Cultivation is scheduled to take place in a reasonable manner. In the first half of the year, we have been working to promote seeding. From 10 to 25 march, xinjiang was on air from 20 march to 20 april. The planting period may be delayed appropriately as altitude increases. Fields with good irrigation conditions, medium fertility and above, with an acre production of approximately 500 kg, have been maintained at 300-400,000 basic seedlings per acre; seeds have a gerontization rate of 95 per cent and 45 g per 1,000, with 15-20 kg per acre. High-altitude dry slopes can increase seedlings appropriately, but not more than 25 kg per acre. The seeding method, in addition to mechanical stripping, can also be mechanically laceralized for drought-resistant water。
Scientific irrigation, rational pursuit of fat. In irrigated fields, water is poured on the third leaf, two waters are pumped on the diaphragm, three waters are pumped on the ears and three or four times during the whole reproductive period. In order to save water and reduce the cost of production, it is advisable to use gavage or irrigation, with conditions such as drip irrigation and spraying irrigation techniques. Fields with insufficient bottom fattening should be properly followed up before seeding or grafting or dripped below the membrane using integrated hydrofertilization techniques。
5. Prevention and control of disease and cure of grass. Tilts are the main disease in barley in the region and can be combated with appropriate pharmaceutical blends. Wild oats are the main herbs in the region, and suitable agents can be used to prevent spray during seeding。
6. Timely storage, anti-fouling. The maturation of barley in the region varied considerably due to the early and late planting season, with gansu generally from 15 to 25 july and xinjiang from 20 july to the end of september. Scorched grass-grass barley is in the late stages of macrening, beer barley is in waxing and feed barley harvests are appropriate during maturity. After the harvest of beer barley and fodder barley, it is necessary to remove the grain, dry the sun and store it in time to prevent moths and molds。
Ii. Winter broadcasting area
The main distribution is in the yellow and yangtze basins, the south china region and the south-west highlands。
(i) the yellow cay district. The sector comprises mainly hebei, shanxi, shandong, henan, the whole territory of shaanxi and the northern region of jiangsu and anhui, mainly with beer barley, followed by fodder barley, with a small portion of it being for food and grass。
Water and rational fertilization. The period between pregnancy and flowering is the fastest growing period for barley, the highest number of organs and the highest demand for fat water. After the spring season, water will be refilled, pregnancy will rise and fatten up, and early birth will be promoted. Fields with poor soil quality, low base fat, low intestate and low in shape are also combined with watering back to ablution water, with 7. 5 kg of pure nitrogen per acre, where appropriate, following up with pregnant ears to fatten up, reducing inefficiency, promoting the development of young ears, ensuring the number of ears and increasing the number of particles. Fields with high fertility, base feet, and long-growing strength may be followed up with 3 kg of phosphorous quintoxide and 2. 5 kg of potassium oxide per acre in order to protect themselves from erosion and to promote refinement, in order to reduce or refrain from applying nitrogen fertilization and prevent late fallout and venom. When the flag leaves grow to one-half size and the young ears are in the one-third leaf of the flag, it is during the booming years of the young ears and the female that they are required to water them well and pollinate them. It is timely watering, depending on the state of the population's development, to obtain fattening and to ensure normal pollination and solidification. In general, per acre catch is controlled at around 1/10 of total fertilization; if a single plant is weak and has poor group growth, it is appropriate to pursue more fertilization. Beer barley should not be followed up with nitrogen fertilizer during this period in order to avoid excess protein content in seed particles. Ten to fifteen days after pollination, is a critical period for seed grain slurry, at a time when drought results in lower yields and lower yields, with better water being poured to ensure large ears. Timely irrigation based on a state of emergency to prevent drought from occurring; water is distributed in such a way as to prevent flooding and avert wind and wind from inverting。
2. Emphasis on control to prevent inversion. Volatilization is one of the main causes of reduced production of barley, which, in addition to measures to control water and fattening through seeding periods, can be used to select suitable agents for chemical control and control of fallout。
3. Scientific medicine for pest control. Pests and pests such as pollinosis, stripes, mesh, scavengers and yellow dwarfs, as well as aphids and gold needles. The region, which had more precipitation in the autumn, should be careful to combat the disease. After the spring season, the insects are regularly examined and, if found, effective low toxicity pesticides should be selected for control at the beginning of the event. Pedestrian and haze diseases are usually treated with pre-scaling agent blends, and when the onset of striped disease is detected during the spring runoff, an option is used to spray the appropriate pharmaceutical leaf. The disease is a viral disease transmitted by aphids, which can be combated by, inter alia, the eradication of aphids and the elimination of vectors, in addition to the strengthening of management of fertilizers and the promotion of the growth of plants. Underground pests, such as golden needle worms, may choose to be treated with suitable agents to sow the soil on the surface of the wheat field, or with ditches to be applied to the soil, or with medicinal rooting。
4. Timely storage, anti-fouling. One of the most important qualities of beer barley is the rate of growth, which can be affected by premature or late harvests. The region is generally most suitable for the waxing period between late may and mid-june. Feeding and eating barley can be harvested at the end of the season or later. Rain showers should be avoided or reduced before harvest to prevent seeding. The harvest must be taken off, dried and cleared as soon as possible. When seed grains contain less than 12 per cent of water, they are packaged in a timely manner and stored according to production uses and species classification to avoid damp and infestation。
(ii) southern zone. The region comprises mainly jiangsu, anhui, yunnan, sichuan, as well as zhejiang, fujian, jiangxi, hubei, chongqing and guizhou, mainly for feeded barley, followed by beer barley, with a small portion for food and green herbs。
1. The canals are accompanied by water and drought. In the eastern part of the district, where there is more precipitation in the spring, the drain canals should be repaired to prevent flooding in a timely manner, thereby reducing the yield of dead seedlings. The south-west highlands need to be irrigated in a timely manner, in accordance with soil conditions, to prevent drought from reducing yields。
2. Rational application of fertilizers and promotion of oscillators. In the south, rice cultivation accounts for the vast majority of barley broadcasts in the winter, which was delayed by successive rains following the harvest last year. Poor soil quality and low base weight, especially in small groups of wheat fields due to delayed broadcasting periods, require acre application of 7. 5 kg of pure nitrogen and, where appropriate, follow up with pregnant ears. In order to ensure the development of small flowers and seed particles, the flag leaves grow to one-half size, and the young ears reach the one-third leaf of the flag, where they are followed once again. In general, per acre catch is controlled at around 1/10 of total fertilization; single-growing, small-scale fields can be followed up appropriately。
3. Reinforcement of regulation to prevent inversion. A group of well-growing or high-planted wheat fields can be pre-empted with suitable agents to prevent invertation。
4. Reasonable use of medicines to combat disease. The region has a high incidence of barley diseases, mainly diseases of fungi such as rhesus disease, powdery disease, stripes, rusty disease, mesh disease and scavenger disease, as well as viral diseases such as yellow leaf disease, especially rheumatism, which in recent years have tended to be more prevalent, seriously affecting the production and quality of barley. This region, which is characterized by more rain and snow in the spring of the winter, is contributing to the spread and spread of aroma disease, which should be examined with a view to preventing and combating it. Tilts are generally treated with pre-scaling agent blends, and when the onset of stripe is detected in the spring, the appropriate agent is selected for spraying. Wheat yellow leaf disease is a home-grown viral disease, which can only be prevented through the selection of resistant varieties, the strengthening of spring piping and the enhancement of resistance to disease。
5. Timely storage, anti-fouling. With the exception of early harvest time, the remaining requirement is to refer to the huaiang district。
