Technology for efficient walnut cultivation and integrated pest management
- toto and others
The fact that wangyang county is located on the northern edge of the sichuan basin, south of the makakura mountains, in a subtropical wet monsoon climate, with a suitable annual average temperature and abundant annual precipitation, provides excellent natural conditions for the growth of walnuts. In recent years, wangxiang county has made the walnut industry the backbone of the rich and powerful districts, and the area under walnut cultivation has grown on a larger scale. To further promote industrial development, wangxiang county published its three-year programme of action to accelerate the quality improvement of the nutnut industry (2023-2025), which is clearly guided by the concept of “basically stable size, substantial improvement in quality and significant increase in efficiency”, and aims to increase the efficiency of cultivation through a series of actions to achieve a substantial increase in output and value of production, and to make walnuts a niche for farmers。
This paper, based on the ecological conditions of the mountain and the characteristics of the `want nine 2' species, provides a systematic summary of key technologies for high-quality production and production, constructs a locally appropriate green control system for pests and diseases, and fills a gap in the standardization of production technologies at the grass-roots level. It can provide a technical paradigm for the development of specialty economic forests in the mountain areas of kawabe, directs growers to regulate production, helps to increase the coverage of good species to 70 per cent, promotes the transformation of the walnut industry from expansion to qualitative improvement, and provides core technical safeguards for the promotion of brands such as `child saint' and farmers. The author summarized the technology for optimizing walnut varieties and crop management and presented green preventive and control measures for pests and diseases, providing practical reference for high-quality industrial development。
1 varieties selection and rational implantation
Wangxiang county has successfully developed two excellent varieties of zhang nun1 and zhang nun2 adapted to local ecological conditions through multi-year selection. These two varieties are characterized by early productivity, good quality and resilience. In addition to the promotion of the quantuan no. 1, the quantuan no. 2, the quantang county is promoting the quantang zhuang zhuang zhuang, and has also introduced the zhuang zhuang zhuang zhuang zhuang, and has ensured the supply of zhuang zhuang zhuang sprouts through the construction of nurseries。
In terms of planting density, appropriate range configurations have been developed after long-term practical exploration, taking into account the characteristics of the mountain terrain. Such a configuration would allow for the full utilization of limited land resources and increase the efficiency of planting per unit area, while ensuring good ventilation between walnut trees and creating an enabling environment for tree growth and fruit development. At the time of construction, pollination trees are allocated in strict proportion between the main plant varieties and the pollination varieties, ensuring that walnut trees are fully pollinated during the flower season, effectively increasing the rate of fruit and laying the foundation for subsequent productivity increases。
2 soil manure management
The soil management of the walnuts in wangyang county is based on the ecological concept of "grass for grass" by planting green fertilized crops such as white leaves and ryegrass in the middle of the walnut garden. Not only are these green fertilized crops able to effectively curb weed growth, reduce the competition between weed and walnut trees for nutrients and moisture, but they also increase soil organic content, improve soil structure, increase soil fertility and achieve ecological and economic benefits。
Fertilisation programmes are based on local soil nutrients and walnut fertilization patterns at different stages of growth. The application of the walnut tree is in the nutrient accumulation period at a suitable time in the autumn, when the application of the walnut tree is sufficient to reserve sufficient nutrients for the trees to grow in winter and the coming year. The base fat applied by adult trees is dominated by consumable organic fat, with a suitable compound mass. The application of base fertilization, which accounts for a relatively large proportion of total fertilization throughout the year, is an important nutrient source to ensure the growth of walnut trees. At present, wangxiang county is promoting standardized soil fertilizer care throughout the county, ensuring the scientific landing of soil fertilizer management measures through the harmonization of technical standards and enhanced technical guidance to provide a stable nutrient supply for walnut growth。
Water management
Water management is particularly important given the high annual rainfall in wangyang county, which is unevenly distributed during the precipitation season, and the frequent occurrence of dry weather during springs and periods of drought, which adversely affects the growth of walnuts. Through long-term observation and practice, key water requirements during walnut growth have been identified, including embryonic periods, fast-growing long-term periods, fruit expansion periods and ripening periods for fruit. During these critical periods, in the event of dry weather, timely irrigation is required to ensure adequate water supply for walnut trees。
In order to increase the efficiency of water use, the county has promoted water-saving irrigation techniques and has extensive micro-jet and drip irrigation facilities in walnut gardens. These water-saving irrigation methods are able to supply water precisely according to the need for walnut trees and avoid waste of water resources. The main distribution of the roots of the wet walnuts in each case is the layer of soil, meeting the demand for water for tree growth and preventing soil accumulation due to over-irrigation. In connection with the construction of the park, priority has been given to the improvement of water-saving irrigation facilities in new and upgraded walnut gardens, while technical training for growers has been stepped up, water management has been upgraded and water demand has been secured for critical periods of walnut growth. Continued high output。
4 integrative shearing and flower fruit management
Cultivation of walnuts is mainly in the form of a main dry-drive tree, which facilitates the ventilation of trees and facilitates management and harvesting of fruit. During the larvae period, when the tree grows to an appropriate height, it is set to determine the main trunk height. Subsequently, the main branch is selected at a certain level and spacing, the first level is selected for the main branch as the main bone branch of the tree; the second level is selected for the main branch at a suitable position on the first branch, which is slightly less than the first level; and the third level is selected for a small number of branches, which are properly configured on each branch, gradually forming a suitably structured and evenly distributed crown skeleton. Adult tree trims are based on the principle of "cutting through trees, forming with branches" and are tailored to the growth and shape of each tree. Winter trimping is an important part of the year-round trimping, focusing on the removal of pest branches, dead branches, overlapping branches, cross-cutting branches and over-stretching branches, which not only consume the nutrients but also affect ventilation, which can improve the internal environment of the tree canopy and promote the healthy growth of the trees; and the retrenching of the branches of the weak results to restore their capacity and ensure the continued high productivity of the trees。
5 pest management
5. 1 main diseases
The main threats to the cultivation of walnuts in wangxiang county are black spots, brown spots and decomposition diseases, which, if not addressed in a timely manner, can seriously affect the production and quality of walnuts and cause greater economic losses to the farmers. Black spots are caused by bacteria and are prone to occurrence and spread in high-temperature, high-humid environments. In the early stages of the onset of the disease, small spots of black and brown appear on the surface of the fruit, which, as the disease evolves, tend to expand and dim, so that the whole fruit becomes black and rots and falls, leading to a significant reduction in production. The brunette is mainly harmful to walnut blades, with small brown dots in the early stages of the disease, which gradually expands and merges with each other, causing the leaves to fall early. Leaf is an important organ for light co-operation of trees, and damage to the leaves affects the accumulation of tree nutrients, which in turn affects tree positions and production in the coming year。
5. 2 major pest and control
The pests that are common in the walnut gardens of wangxiang county are walnuts, moths, and oxen. The walnut larvae devour the inside of the berries, destroy the fruit tissue, blacken the fruit and decompose it, commonly known as the walnut black, with huge losses to the production of walnuts in years of severe pests. The larvae have a relatively large variety of pests, including yellow moths, brown-side green moths and so on, and their larvae have a group-based habit of eating large amounts of pecan leaves, which, when severe, can be eaten out of the entire walnut tree, seriously affecting its nutritional accumulation and adversely affecting production the following year。
5. 3 green control technology system
Wangxiang county attaches great importance to green control of walnut pests and pests and has established a “preventive, integrated” green control system. Agricultural control, as the basis for green control, is fully applied throughout walnut cultivation. Reducing the risk of disease and pests from their source by selecting the anti-insect species `mount zone 1'; using a rational method of planting to ensure good ventilation in the garden and to create environmental conditions that are detrimental to the occurrence of disease and pests; implementing a programme of scientific fertilization to increase the nutritional level of the tree and increase the resistance of the tree itself; and performing timely cuttings, improving the canopy structure, reducing the number of disease and pest breeding sites and fundamentally enhancing the resistance of the tree to disease and pests。
In the area of physical control, farmers are organized to conduct regular inspections of orchards, to manually kill insects and larvae, to clear their branches in time and to concentrate on burning or deep burial in order to prevent their spread. Painting of the trunk during the winter not only prevents pests from laying eggs on the trunk, but also reflects the sunlight and reduces the daily burning of the trunk. Small pests, such as aphids and pink lice, are used for the colouring of insects in orchards. The installation of solar frequency-fibrous insecticide lamps, the use of insect-photo-stimulant booby traps for night activities, and the rational determination of the number of insecticidal lamps installed according to the size of the orchard, have been effective in reducing the density of pests。
In the field of chemical control, strict emphasis is placed on the principle of scientifically sound use of medicines to ensure the quality of walnut products while ensuring their effectiveness. Priority is given to efficient, low-toxic and low-residual pesticides, the use of highly toxic and highly-residual pesticides, which are banned by national regulations, and the active promotion of the use of biological and mineral-based pesticides that are less harmful to the environment and humans and meet the requirements for green food production。
Be strictly consistent with the concentrations specified in the pesticide use instructions, the period of use and the methods used, avoid arbitrary increases in the concentration or frequency of use in fruit farmers, and prevent resistance to pests and pests resulting from inappropriate use, while reducing pesticide residues. (b) actively promote pesticide substitution by different mechanisms and effectively slow the generation and development of pest resistance by changing pesticide behaviour。
Particular attention is given to the safe intervals for pesticides, specifying that the use of chemical pesticides will be discontinued for a certain period of time prior to the harvest of walnuts, ensuring that pesticide residues in walnuts do not exceed national standards and ensuring consumer food safety. Based on local patterns of walnut pests and weather conditions, specialized technicians have developed a detailed scientific year-round drug programme。
