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Want to grow sunflowers? Knowledge of breeding techniques and cultivation methods
Wang li
Helianthus annuus l. Is a sunflower, which is home to herbs for more than a year, is a herbal plant, is full of saplings, leaves, flowers, glamorous, diverse, well-intentioned and simple. It is widely used in such areas as pellets, cut flowers and garden beautification, and landscapes. From north america, cultivation has taken place around the world, and it has been a growing plant in europe for centuries. In the 1950s, which entered the country, the provinces are now growing and expanding on an annual basis. They are widely used in the market for the setting and cutting of attractions. They are extremely effective in the landscape of the sunflower theme park, and the desirable flowers are popular among the general public. Its prospects for efficient development are wide。
1. Biological characteristics
One year's grassbook, 20 cm ~ 3. 5 m, straight-on, single-steal or branch-shaped, round-sided, hard-on-white rough hair. The broad ovulation of the leaves, which is usually sprouted in spirals, has a sharp or steep front, has a base of 3 arteries, has a rough, coarse, hairy, has a long handle on the edge. Head lined, single-born on the top or branch. The tiara is multilayered, leafy, tiara-formed, long, larvae at the edge of the larvae, and in the centre of the tube, with yellow, orange, lemon, milk white, red, brown, purple, peach, copper rust, double colour, double colour, etc., with single, semi-grave and heavy petals. Pipes of yellow, orange, brown, green and black, fruit of sunflower seed, rectangular, refilled or egg-shaped long round thin fruit, corroded, grey, white, black and white, brown or black, with significant differences in the size of the different varieties, with large seeds of 25 to 50/g and small amounts of 110/g。
Watching sunflowers is cool and light-prone and requires appropriate temperatures and sufficient sunlight throughout the reproductive period. The temperature is above 10 °c and it is 15 ~ 35 °c, 21 ~ 27 °c during the day and 10 ~ 16 °c at night. The temperature difference of 8 ~10 °c is most favourable to the leaf. If early spring temperatures are low and plants slow to grow, they have a direct impact on flowering times and are susceptible to disease in the later stages of growth. If the long-term temperature exceeds 30 °c, the temperature difference is too small and the leaves are long, reducing the period. Most of the species are grown in sunflowers as the best view of the landscape 20 d。
The variety of sunflowers is diverse. Selection is generally based on specific uses. Landscape garden varieties are selected for long-lived, disease-resistant, high-quality varieties, low-level, low-quality, long-term and well-suited. Cut flowers have short growth cycles, hairs are not easy to bend, pollen-free, viewing periods are long, and flower infarction does not discriminate. In general, plant varieties and flowers are selected for mid-dry varieties. Larger varieties are designed to be mazes or walk trees for greening landscape paths, with higher medium and upper varieties with more flowers and longer periods to decorate villas. There is also a colour division, and the white flower is the ideal color material for flowers。
2. Observation of the status and breeding of sunflowers
The variety and variety of artificially selected varieties is now a veritable view of flowers. European breeders have targeted sunflower viewers in short, heavy petals and colorful directions. In the country, adaptation, new color, multi-purpose are the main targets. Seeds come from bauer, united states, pan am, thomson morgan, united kingdom, and asia, the netherlands. The series of cut flowers selected by sakada and tarui corporation in japan is well known on the market. Domestic seed sources are provided by seed companies in shanghai, beijing, kunmingang, east asia, jiangsu dae-fung, zhejiang zhejiang, and northern forest technology。
There is currently a lack of visual diversity in the choice of varieties in the country, with sunflower plantations being replaced by sunflowers and sunflowers, with a single colour and with a significantly reduced impact. Most of the infertility varieties produced are f1 “falciparum-free” and are largely imported from abroad or from taiwan. There is an urgent need for domestic development of visual varieties with autonomous intellectual property rights to push high prices to the mass market. They are home-grown, have large, bright colours, have long bouquets and are widely adapted for extraction. With regard to the application of varieties, most of the introduction of solar academia is in the country, where there are significant advances and gaps in home-grown varieties. Fujian has produced excellent varieties such as the 1st sun and the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 6th sunflowers, and henan sanya has grown and promoted to the market. Jiangsu chose to produce a series of salt sunflowers (nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) to observe sunflower species, and nanjing has produced q-3, q8-2, which is very effective. The heilong river breeds the sunflowers 1, 2, 3 and 5 market prospects。
The sunflower is mostly seeded, and the pollen-free second-generation f1 seed is produced by the parent and maintenance materials of the infertility system. There are pollen-type three hybrids f1 made of infertility as mother and ornamental restoration as paternity hybrids. In israel, the super-sunbelievable year of sunflower flower industry is a super-sunbelievable super-sunflower that transcends traditional concepts. Unlike the conventional seed seed seed seeding, its pollen-free form does not produce seeds. In the interest of its guarantee of excellence, there will be no variation or degradation。
3 integrated planting techniques
3. 1 soil selection
The viewing sunflowers are resistant to infertileness, the requirements for soil conditions are not stringent, the soil is lax, fertile and well drained. The ph value 5. 8 ~ 6. 5 is suitable for sandy or bordery soil. Consistency increases the incidence of disease and pests. Sensitivity to herbicides requires caution in application, and attention is paid to the residual long-acting herbicides in front. A pelvis plant should be trophicated by a mix of earth grown, foliage and sand, or fermented coconut and organic fat. The planting of one or two pieces of land requires a change of cropping to prevent the growth of pests and diseases。
3. 2 period of sowing
The choice of species with long reproductive periods the choice of species with short reproductive periods the choice of species with long reproductive periods the choice of species with long reproductive periods the choice of species with long reproductive periods the choice of species with long reproductive periods seeds of sunflower are expensive and the field is grounded in caves and protected on site. Protected areas are planted on a seedling basis and live. Production of appropriate breeding methods for specific uses. It is common to sow seedlings, combines peat, earth, sand, and a small amount of cow dung organic fat with a multibacterium, sow pre-sown, soaks 4-6 h in warm water, soaks 1 seed per den, soaks 1 ~ 1. 5 cm, soaks water to keep the soil moist, 7 ~ 10 d, soaks, two weeks after seeding, and 5 ~6 leaves grow. A range of 40 ~ 60 cm x 40 ~ 60 cm determines the range based on soil fertility, as in the case of a soil with high fertility, the field is moderately sown with 2,000 ~ 667 m2 to increase the number of side branches to prolong the flowering period. It is usually small in size and may be larger in size. The combined market adjusts the pitching requirements accordingly. The timing of the planting is determined by the application, i. E., the planning takes time. Different varieties vary. The value-added gains are realized when production reaches its anniversary in protected areas such as solar greenhouses, small arch sheds or plastic sheds, which are marketed early in the new year and holidays。
3. 3 field water fertilizer management
The sunflower roots are well developed, requiring deep-sliding and decomposition of the soil and the application of base fat. Fertilizers are better served by decomposed poultry manure, bone powder, phosphorus fertilizer, and animals, such as cattle manure, are the best. It is also fully integrated into the soil and used for live seeding or planting. As a viewing area, sunflowers, if they are less fertile, produce nitrogen fattening during the seeding period, promote nutrient growth and grow the leaves. Potassium phosphate fertilizer is increased in the current period to promote reproductive growth and flowering. If the ground is strong, only organic fat for livestock can be applied. There is no need to catch up with fat and avoid shortening the observing period。
Seeding and shifting require soil to be wet, clean and humid. Pour water before seeding, dry soil after seeding, and water once. In the evening, the seedlings choose to move into high-living water, and they move the seedlings with the earth into the caves, pour out the bottom water, and raise the seedlings even slightly, so that the roots may be stretched and the soil covered. After planting or seedlinging, 1 per cent of potassium sulphate or potassium phosphate is applied every 2 weeks, either as liquid fattening or ash water. The pine roots will be more developed and the plant stronger. On-site rooting is more developed, drought-resistant, with less water being poured during spring seasons, especially during the period of intense light and high temperatures, from the spring to the flowering season, when water is required at peaks, scientific water should be poured in order to prevent leaf atrophy and to affect the normal growth of plants. Exterior fatting by mixing 0. 1% of potassium phosphate with a suitable quantity of nitrogen fertilizer is good. When a flower matures, it is necessary to reduce the number and amount of water being poured in order to avoid a decline in its quality。
3. 4 cropping
When we grow grass in the sunflower season, 2-3 times, and when we grow grass in the first time, we shall see the presence of pests in the main shallow tillage of the real leaf after the seedling. 2~3 seedlings for the second weeding of the real leaf. 1 in every 7-10 d of the following till the seal is completed, the tillage is deep and the soil is cultivated. There are no weeds in the fields, followed by artificial weeding。
3. 5 pest management
Low incidence of sunflower pests. Sunflower viewing gardens can grow a number of deworming plants such as rosemary, lavender, etc., which can be effective against common pests. Biocontrol is recommended and chemical pesticides are not used after flowering for the safety of tourists. Plantation can be integrated with organic matter such as wood crumbs and beryllium, promoting soil ecology and reducing the incidence of pests and diseases。
3. 6 collection
The cut-off takes place before 10:00 a. M., with the tongue-skinned selection, the larvae of the outer layer of the flower is not yet open, and the maximum openness is when the petals release the flower and are less than 60°. The harvest branch grew 40 cm, thick 1. 5 cm. The flower branch is placed in 0. 02 per cent for pre-treatment with a bacterizer of detergents 15-30min, with the collection of flowers in time for cooling, vacuum pre-colding, and extended storage bottle insertion life. Pay attention to the straightness of flowers, the abundance of leaves and the absence of symptoms of insect damage. 10 flasks, wrapped in soft paper and loaded in boxes. Telecommunications petals can be fully open to florists up to 120° ~180° when supplying nearby markets。
When the sunflower is turned yellow, the larvae dry or fall, the lower leaf of the stave dies, the upper one yellows down, most of the balconies turn yellow, and the seed grain becomes hard to harvest. • clean up the field's strains and disks in a timely manner and clean up the field。
4. Benefits analysis
For example, in the case of cut flowers, the distance of the sowing density stands at 40 cm x 60 cm, the number of seedlings is about 2,700, 667 m 2, the rate of commercial flowering is 80 per cent, 21,600 cut flowers are available, and the price of acquisition in the current market is estimated at 1. 8 ~ 3. 0 yuan/sec, with a return of 38,880 ~ 64,800 yuan/667 m2. Less costs such as rental land, labour, seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, pesticides, transportation of flowers, simple packaging, etc., are used to invest more than 8,000 pieces per 667 m2 in sunflower (the larger the area, the lower the cost), with a net gain of 30,000 to 55,000 yuan, which can be adjusted upwards。
In the case of landscape gardening, the beautiful sunflower theme, which is full of energy, can yield considerable benefits. In addition to collecting $10-20 tickets, the park can set up complementary projects such as catering, play, etc., combining sunflower features with the development of companions such as sunflower foods, sunflower paintings, sunflower garters, etc., which meet consumer demand and increase area income。
Fund project: agricultural science, technology and innovation project, jilin province (cxgc2021zy024)
