Quota
Meaning of the 1. 1 quota
The definition refers primarily to provisions, which refer broadly to amounts and limits, and which can also be understood as quantitative criteria or scales. Together, the quota is the specified amount and limits。
The construction quota refers to the quantity of labour, materials, machinery and funds consumed by units and construction products that are completed under normal conditions of production。
On 15 december 1995, the ministry of construction prepared and issued the national unified building project bases (inland works) and the national unified construction project budget volume calculation rules, and in 2003 issued the regulation on the measurement of work volume lists, which effectively separates “quantitative” prices to accommodate market economic development。
Characteristics of the 1. 2 quota
Truth and science
Systemic and uniform
Stability and timeliness
Classification of the 1. 3 quota
(b) classification by quota: labour consumption quotas (labour quotas), machinery consumption quotas (mechanical quotas), materials consumption quotas (material quotas)
(a) the use of quotas, broken down into: construction, budget, budget, budget, budget and investment estimates
For the purposes for which it is applied, it is classified as: a flat amount for construction work, a flat amount for equipment installation work, a flat amount for construction work, a flat amount for furniture and other costs for construction work。
(a) the indirect cost quota is the cost of the individual product not related to the construction of the construction works, but necessary for the enterprise to produce the entire product and for the maintenance of the enterprise's operations
On-site funding quotas are those that are directly related to on-site construction and are necessary for the preparation, organization and management of construction
Other direct cost flats refer to the cost criteria directly related to the construction of construction works in addition to the budget line items. Chen qi
2. Construction quota
2. 1 concept
The construction quota, which reflects the construction level of the enterprise, is generally based on the target and process of professional construction and is an enterprise quota. Construction enterprises generally prepare quotas that represent the individual cost levels of the enterprises, according to their own conditions and potential potential, in accordance with competitive market requirements and the relevant national policies, laws and regulations. In order to maintain their competitive power, enterprises often accord high priority to construction quotas as a commercial secret。
2. 2 quota effect of construction
(a) be the basis for the management of the enterprise plan
An effective tool for organizing and directing construction production
Is the basis for the calculation of workers ' remuneration
(b) facilitating the diffusion of advanced technologies
It is the basis for the preparation of the construction budget and for strengthening the level of enterprise cost management。
2. 3 construction quota level
The quota level is the amount of labour, machinery and materials consumed in the unit product, which is the level of consumption of live and physical work in the construction production in accordance with certain construction processes and process conditions。
The quota level directly reflects the level of labour productivity and is consistent with its direction; it also reflects the level of labour and material consumption, but the opposite direction. The higher the level of labour productivity, the higher the construction quota, the lower the amount of labour and material consumption。
The construction quota level must meet the following requirements:
(b) to improve labour efficiency and reduce labour, machinery and materials consumption
(b) to facilitate the proper evaluation and evaluation of workers ' labour outcomes
To facilitate the proper management of economic relations between enterprises and individuals
It is conducive to improved corporate governance。
The average advanced level is the level that most construction teams and workers are able to reach and exceed under normal construction conditions. Less advanced than average。
2. 4 labour quota
The labour quota, also referred to as the manual quota, is the standard of labour consumption necessary to complete a certain number of eligible products or to perform a certain amount of work under normal technical organization. Labour quotas can be divided into time and yield quotas, depending on their manifestations。
The time quota refers to the working hours quota, which is the penultimate of the working hours quota。
The time quota is expressed in the number of working days per unit product to facilitate the calculation of the total number of working days required for the completion of a branch (section) project, to facilitate the accounting of wages, to facilitate the preparation of plans for the construction schedule and to calculate the sub-working period; the production quota is expressed in the number of products performed within the unit time frame, to facilitate the allocation of construction tasks by the team, to evaluate the productivity of workers ' labour and to issue work orders。
Example 3-1, 2
2. 5 material consumption quota
In accordance with the requirements of the construction production material consumption process, construction installation materials are divided into two categories: non-swing and swing materials。
Non-revolving materials are also referred to as direct materials, which generally refer exclusively to material that is consumed once and directly comprising the engineering entity, while revolving materials are tools that can be used and rotated repeatedly during the construction process。
The material that is consumed once and directly forming the engineering entity is also referred to as the net amount of the material, while the unavoidable amount of construction waste and the loss of construction operations is referred to as the material loss。
Material consumption = net material consumption + material loss
Material loss rate =
Material consumption =
Examples:
(1) consumption of materials per m3 bricks:
Net brick usage (blocks) =
Brick consumption = net brick usage/(1-loss rate)
Slurry consumption (m3) = (1 - net use of bricks x size of bricks) x (1 + loss rate)
Note 1 brick volume per block = 0. 24 x 0. 115 x 0. 053 = 0. 001468 m3
2 grey thread thickness = 0. 01 m
3 loss rate = 1%
The following table shows the number of bricks and walls:
1/23/413/22 bricks
Wall thickness (m) 0. 1150. 1780. 240. 3650. 49
(2) calculation of consumption of material for 100 m2 layer:
Net surface usage =
Surface consumption = net surface use/(1-depletion rate)
(3) amortization of materials (requested by middle- and senior-level manufacturers)
2. 6 mechanized class consumption quota
The mechanical class consumption quota is expressed in the form of time and production quotas。
3. Budget quotas
The budget is set as the quantitative standard for the number of shifts of labour, materials and machinery consumed in the basic construction elements of the unit works of qualified quality, as a basis for calculating the price of construction installation products and as an important basis for establishing economic relations between the construction unit and the construction unit. Basic construction elements - sub-engineering and structural components。
3. 1 use and role of budgetary quotas
The budget quota is the basis for the preparation of the construction map budget and for determining the cost of construction works。
The budget quota is the basis for the design of the construction organization。
Budget quotas are the basis for the closure of the project。
The budget quota is the basis for an analysis of economic activity in the construction unit。
Budget quotas are the basis for the preparation of the budget outline。
Budget quotas are the basis for the rational preparation of tenders. Basis for tender offers。
3. 2 principles for the preparation of budget quotas
The principle of setting budgetary quotas on the basis of social averages。
Clear principles for adaptation。
The principle of integration and differentiation is upheld。
3. 3 budget quota methodology。
3. 3. 1 workdays consumed
It is a combination of work quotas for the various processes, including basic and other work。
Basic work is the technical work required to complete the unit's eligible product, calculated on the basis of the combined amount of work and the corresponding labour quota。
Other workers usually include overload workers, auxiliary workers, and labour differentials。
Differences in the labour range, i. E. The difference between the budgetary and labour quotas, are defined as the use of labour and the various hours of work that are not included in the labour quota and are unavoidable in the normal course of construction, but which are difficult to measure accurately. These include, inter alia:
(1) inter-work processes and cross-works that interact or affect stoppages
(2) the stoppage caused by the transfer of construction machinery between units and the movement of temporary water and electricity lines
(3) the impact of quality checks and the acceptance of hidden works
(4) transfer workers in shift locations
(5) the transfer of the process is an unavoidable modification of the previous process
(6) other sporadic workers unavoidable in construction。
Formula: manpower range difference = (overload + auxiliary + basic) x margin factor (generally 10 ~ 15%)
4. Targets for budget estimates, budget estimates and estimates
4. 1 role of the proposed budget quotas
The budget proposal flats are the basis for its preparation。
The proposed budget quotas are the basis for the design programme comparison。
The proposed budget quotas are the basis for the preparation of the proposed budget indicators and investment estimates。
A flat amount for the proposed budget at the time of the introduction of the master contract may also be used as a reference for proposals。
4. 2 indicators for the proposed budget and its impact。
The proposed budget indicator is a more comprehensive and expanded quota indicator than the budget estimates. It is built on an area of 100 m2 or 1000 m3. The construction unit shall establish standards for the quantity of manual materials and machinery consumed or for the quantity of manual materials and machinery required and the cost of construction for each $10,000 investment。
Proposed budget indicators and budget quotas. The budget quota, which is the product of multiple valuations corresponding to the design phases, should be primarily valued for investments. The initial design phase, with the effect of:
The proposed budget indicator is the preparation of preliminary design estimates for investment valuation and control. The basis for the cost estimate。
The proposed budget indicator is the design unit for the technical-economic analysis of the design programme. Measurement of design levels. Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of investments。
The proposed budget indicator is the preparation of capital plans by construction units. Basis for applying for investment loans and major material schemes。
5. Regulation of valuation of the list of works
5. 1 list of works and valuations
The bill of quantities is provided by the tenderer as part of the solicitation documents and becomes a valid part of the contract upon the award of the contract. Its preparers are generally bidders or intermediaries entrusted by them to advise on the pricing of works. Inventory pricing refers to the full cost of completing the list provided by the bidder, including the cost of the branch works, the cost of the measure project, other project fees and fees, and taxes。
5. 2 characteristics of the pricing method of the list of works
The list of volume of works fully reflects marketability。
Competing is fully reflected in the volume list。
Fairness and fairness of the bill of quantities。
(c) to facilitate the disbursement of works and the final determination of construction costs。
Reasonable sharing of risk is facilitated。
(c) control of investments by owners。
5. 3 effect of the pricing method of the list of works
The solicitation of tenders for works volume lists is in line with the objective of “progressive establishment of market-based price mechanisms” in the context of the current reform of our engineering pricing system。
The use of volume list solicitations facilitates a close combination of “mass” and “quantity” of work。
It is in the interest of the owner to obtain the most reasonable construction price。
It facilitates bottom management and control。
It allows the winning enterprise to organize the construction carefully, to control costs and to fully reflect the management advantages of the enterprise。
5. 4 role of the valuation table
Directed bid preparation of the project. Tender quotations and audit of works settlement。
Enterprise internal accounting. The basis for the establishment of enterprise quotas。
The basis for the preparation and approval of the budget and settlement of the general works (which are not tendered in accordance with the law)。
The basis for the preparation of the proposed quota for construction works。
Construction authorities mediate disputes over construction costs. Reasonable basis for determining the price of the works。
