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When little lives fall, new parents get excited and nervous. 0 - 3 years of age are critical periods for the growth of the child, and each stage has unique developmental features and rearing features. Today, you will have this super-detailed 0 - 3-year-old child-care product to help you cope with the challenges of child-rearing and to keep the baby healthy and happy。
Neonatal period (0 - 1 month): careful care, start the growth journey
At the beginning of life, the organs of the body are still very tender, requiring the full range of care from parents。
1. Feeding: the world health organization (who) recommends that breastfeeding start as early as possible after birth, preferably within half an hour after birth, to suck mother's nipples. Breast milk is the best food for the baby, rich in nutrients, immunoactive substances and growth factors, which not only meet the nutritional needs of the baby to grow and develop, but also increase its immunity and reduce the risk of infection. When feeding the baby, the mother uses the right position, so that most of the baby's breasts are covered, so that both the baby can suck and the mother's nipples can be prevented. Feeding is usually done every 2 - 3 hours, on demand, and the baby is fed when it is hungry, rather than imposing the timing and amount of milk. Remember to burp the baby, hold the baby up and place its head on the shoulder of the mother, slap the baby gently on the back with an empty palm, shoot the baby from the bottom up until the baby burps, which can effectively reduce the incidence of breast-milk. If breast milk is insufficient, suitable formulas can be added under the direction of a doctor, and the distribution of powder is strictly based on the description on the milk can, and the ratio of water to powder is controlled。
2. Sleep: new-born children sleep for long periods of about 16 - 20 hours per day, but with shorter sleep cycles and easier to wake up. It is essential to create a quiet, comfortable, warm sleep environment for the baby, with indoor temperatures at 24°c - 26°c and humidity at 50 - 60%. The baby can be packaged, simulated in the womb, to make the baby feel safer and sleep better. But be careful not to wrap too tight to affect the baby's breathing and activity. When the baby sleeps, do not let it sleep on the floor in order to prevent suffocation, preferably with an on-side or side-bed. If the baby sleeps on the side, care is taken to turn the baby over on a regular basis and to avoid prolonged oppression of the same side of the body。
3. Day-to-day care: new-born babies have delicate skin, bathing their babies with warm water every day, cleaning their necks, armpits, groin, hips, etc., and drying them with soft towels, then rubbing a suitable amount of baby-specific cream to keep their skin warm. The remains of the baby 's umbilical cord are usually removed between 1-2 weeks after birth. Before the umbilical cord is removed, the cord is kept clean and dry, water is avoided, iodized and disinfected 1-2 times a day, starting with the base of the umbilical cord and cleaning from the inner ring. The changing of diapers is also an important part of daily care, with the choice of well-ventilated, water-absorbed diapers or paper diapers, each time a diaper is changed, the baby's hips are washed with warm water and then dried, and some asspaint is painted to prevent diaper rashes. In addition, attention is paid to the observation of the defecation of the baby, where the normal newborn child excretes green ink within 24 hours of birth and gradually turns to yellow paste in 2 - 3 days, where the urination occurs within 24 hours of birth and takes place more than 6 - 8 times a day. If the child is excruciating, such as an increase in the number of defecations, changes in sexual appearances, unusual colours, or prolonged absence of urination, access to timely medical treatment。
Infant period (1 - 12 months): rapid growth, key to comprehensive development period
Infants are the fastest growing period for the child and the rapid growth of both the body and the brain, a stage that focuses on the child's development indicators and provides a suitable environment for the healthy growth of the child。
1. Growth and development: during this period, the indicators of height, weight, headband, etc. Of the baby have grown rapidly. In general, the weight of the child grew by about 1,000 - 1,200 grams per month in the first three months of life, and height by about 3. 5 centimetres per month; body weight by about 500 - 600 grams per month and height by about 2 centimetres per month in 4 - 6 months; and body weight by about 300 - 400 grams per month and height by about 1. 5 centimetres per month in 7 - 12 months. Parents are required to take the baby to the hospital on a regular basis for childcare, to monitor the growth and development of the baby, to map the growth and development curve, and to identify and intervene in a timely manner. In addition to physical development, the baby's major exercise and fine moves are also evolving. 1 - 2 months the baby begins to learn to rise, with a rise of 45° - 90° in 2 - 3 - 4 months; 5 - 6 months the baby can sit alone; 7 - 8 months the baby begins to climb; 9 - 10 months the baby can stand up to something; 11 - 12 months the baby may take the first step in life. In terms of precision, the baby can consciously hold things from the initial unconscious to 3 - 4 months, deliver things by hand 6 - 7 months, squeeze small things with a thumb and index finger 9 - 10 months, drink water with a cup, eat with a spoon, etc. Parents can help the baby to exercise his/her sports and fine mobility through simple training, such as training the baby to stand up, flip, climb, provide the baby with toys suitable for grasp, etc., but be moderate and not overtrained to avoid stress on the baby。
Feeding: within six months, the child shall be breastfed and, if breast milk is insufficient or unable to breastfeed, a formula suitable for the age of the child may be chosen. After six months, the nutritional needs of the baby have gradually increased and the mere milk or formula is no longer sufficient to meet the growth and development needs of the baby, at which point it is necessary to start adding complementary food. The addition of complementary foods is carried out in a gradual and incremental manner, following the principles of being small, thin to dense, thin to thick, one to many. The first addition is usually high iron powder, since six months later, the iron obtained from the mother is gradually depleted, while the lower iron content in breast milk and formula milk needs to be supplemented with high iron powder. At the beginning of the addition, one or two spoons can be given to the baby for a period of two or three days to see if there are allergies, such as rashes, vomiting, diarrhoea, etc., and if there are no adverse effects, then the amount of rice powder can gradually increase. After 1 - 2 weeks of adding rice powder, vegetable mud, fruit mud, meat mud, etc. Can be gradually added. When you add vegetable mud, you can choose one of the vegetables, such as carrots, pumpkins, spinachs, etc., to wash the vegetables, evaporate them and then feed them to the baby in mud, starting with a small amount and observing the baby's reaction. A fruit mud can select common fruits such as apples, bananas, pears and produce in a manner similar to vegetable mud. The mashed may choose chicken, pork, beef, etc., to wash the meat, cook it and chop it up or feed the baby in mud. It is important to note that the baby is not too early to be served with spices such as salt, sugar, etc., in order not to increase the burden on the baby's kidneys and affect its health. The infant up to the age of one year should be breast-fed, supported by complementary diets that ensure sufficient milk intake daily, normally breastfed infants fed on demand, and formula-fed babies fed on about 600 - 800 ml per day。
Language and cognition: infanthood is an important period in the development of the language and cognition of the child. From 2 to 3 months, the baby will make some simple noises, such as “aah” and “oh” and so on, which is an embryonic stage in the development of the baby's language. 4 - six months of a baby begins to be more sensitive to sound and colour, to distinguish the voice and familiar face of the mother, and to hear the sound turns around in search of the source. 6-9 months of babies can understand simple words such as their own name, “father” “mom” and can also express their needs with action, such as reaching out for hugs, shaking their heads. 9 - the 12-month baby begins to imitate adults and can say simple words, such as "goodbye" and "grow" and "take". In order to promote the development of the child's language and cognitive abilities, parents must communicate more with the baby, speak more, read drawings to the baby, sing songs, and make the baby listen to different voices, such as animal barking, musical instruments, etc., while encouraging the baby to express its thoughts and needs and respond in a timely manner。
Sleep: as the monthly age of the child increases, the time of sleep decreases and the number of days of sleep decreases. In general, 3 - 6 months of a baby sleeps about 14 - 16 hours a day, divided into 3 - 4 sleeps, 2 - 3 sleeps during the day, with one - 2 hours a day; 7 - 12 months of a baby sleeps about 12 - 14 hours a day, 2 sleeps during the day, 1 - 2 hours a day. It is important to develop the normal sleeping habits of the baby. Parents can establish regular pre-sleep procedures, such as bathing the baby at the same time every night, changing the night clothes, telling stories, singing lullaby, etc., so that the baby can reflect and know that it is sleeping when it is done. While the baby is sleeping, keep the environment quiet and light dark and avoid disturbing the baby 's sleep。
Early childhood (1 - 3 years): exploring the world, personality appearance
In early childhood, there is a marked increase in the ability of the baby to operate and a great deal of curiosity, and it is beginning to explore the surrounding world proactively, with a focus on developing the child's self-reliance, good behaviour and socialization。
Feeding: while there is a gradual transition from infant to adult diet in early childhood, care must be taken to balance nutrition and diversify food. To ensure daily intake of sufficient proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals, with additional food for cereals, vegetables, fruits, meat, eggs, milk, etc. In order to avoid the choice and preference of the child, parents can increase the taste of the food and attract the appetite of the child by changing the type and way of cooking. For example, making vegetables into cute little animal shapes, or participating in food production with the baby, making the baby more interested in eating. Controlling the consumption of child snacks and reducing the consumption of sugar, fat and salty foods, such as candy, chips and fried foods, which not only have a low nutritional content but may also affect the appetite and health of the child. At the same time, the food habits of the baby, such as regular feeding, slow chewing, concentration, etc., should be developed, and the baby should not be allowed to eat while playing or chasing for feeding。
2. Large sports and fine moves: children between the ages of 1 and 2 years are further able to move more steadily and can run, jump, kick, go up and down the stairs, etc., but are not coordinated enough and need to be protected by parents. 2-3-year-olds are more flexible in their sports, able to jump on two feet, stand on one foot, ride tricycles, etc. In fine action, children aged 1-2 can wear clothes, stripping, buttons, but can be clumsy; can shake pens, draw simple lines and graphics; can eat with spoons, and basically feed into their mouths. 2-3-year-old babies are more skilled in fine-working, using scissors and paper origami, building higher wood towers, washing hands, washing faces, brushing teeth, etc. Parents can provide safe spaces and rich and diverse toys for the baby and encourage the child to explore and play freely, such as slides, swings, ball sports, building blocks, puzzles, drawings, etc., which allow for the exercise of the baby's great sports and fine mobility。
Language and socialization: early childhood is an outbreak in the development of a child's language, and children between the ages of 1-2 are able to express their needs and ideas through simple sentences, such as “i want to drink water” and “i want to hug”, but with simpler structures and limited vocabulary. 2-3-year-olds are able to express their language at a rapid pace, to speak complete and complex sentences, to have a much larger amount of vocabulary, to have a simple dialogue and exchange with adults and to tell their experiences and feelings. At the same time, the baby's social consciousness is growing and it is beginning to be interested in other children and to play with them. In dealing with children, the baby will gradually learn social skills such as sharing, cooperation, mutual assistance, and there will be minor contradictions and conflicts, such as fighting for toys, pushing, etc., which is the normal stage of the child's social development. Parents take their babies to social events, such as parks, playgrounds, parent-child activities, to give them the opportunity to play with their children of the same age and learn to live with others. When a child is in conflict with a child, parents need to lead the child to express his/her thoughts and feelings correctly and to learn to solve problems rather than deal with them directly。
4. Cognitiveness and thinking: early childhood babies are growing their cognitive capacity and are beginning to think and judge what is around them. Children aged 1 - 2 years are able to understand common objects, colours, shapes, etc., point to parts of their bodies, are curious about the surrounding environment and like to ask what “what” is. 2-3-year-olds begin to develop their mental abilities to perform simple classification, comparison, reasoning, etc., by sorting different shapes of blocks and comparing the size, length, etc. Of two objects. Parents can exercise the mental ability, observation and imagination of the baby by playing puzzle games, puzzles, building blocks, telling stories, etc. For example, puzzle games can exercise the baby’s observational and spatial cognitive abilities, building blocks can nurture the baby’s creativity and imagination, and telling stories can enrich the baby’s linguistic and mental ability。
5. Cultivation: this phase focuses on the development of good habits and behaviours of the child. In the area of living habits, children are trained to eat regularly, brush their teeth, wash their faces, wash their hands and sleep on time. Let the baby brush its teeth every morning and night, wash its hands after dinner, and make its own toys before bed. In terms of behavioural habits, there is a need to create a sense of the rule so that the baby knows what to do and what not to do. When the baby adheres to the rules, it is to be commended and rewarded in a timely manner; when the child violates the rules, it is to be corrected and guided in a timely manner, but not over-punished to avoid harming the child's self-esteem. For example, tell the baby not to shout in public places, not to throw garbage at random, and if the baby does it, praise the baby “you're good, you're good, you're good”; if the baby fails to do it, tell the baby patiently why it can't do it, and lead the baby to rectification。
Addressing common problems
1. Heat: the temperature of the baby is 37. 3°c. When the heat is low (between 37. 3°c - 38. 5°c), physical cooling can be used, e. G. By deheating the baby, rubbing the baby's forehead, neck, armpit, groin, etc., with warm water, taking heat away from the baby by evaporation. It also allows the baby to drink more warm water, promotes metabolism and facilitates heat dispersion. If the temperature of the baby exceeds 38. 5 °c, a defunct drug, such as acetaminophenol or brophen, may be used under the direction of a doctor, strictly in accordance with the dose in the instructions according to the weight and age of the baby. Following the use of deflammation pills, care is taken to observe the temperature changes and mental state of the baby, and if the temperature persists or is accompanied by other symptoms, such as cough, vomiting, diarrhoea, psychosis, etc., the child should be treated in a timely manner。
Diarrhoea: diarrhoea is a common problem, caused mostly by infections, inadequate diet and cold abdomen. If the baby is suffering from mild diarrhoea, the number of poops increases, but is in good mental condition and free of dehydration symptoms, the diet can be adjusted first, the addition of new complementary foods can be suspended, and the baby can be given fresh, digestible foods, such as rice congee, noodles, buns, etc., with appropriate additional moisture and electrolyte, oral rehydration salts, and prevention of dehydration. If the child suffers from severe diarrhoea, frequent defecation, water samples, vomiting, fever, mental arrhythmia, etc., timely medical treatment, routine urination, etc., identification of the cause of the disease and treatment under the direction of a doctor. At the same time, care must be taken to keep the child's personal hygiene, to wash his/her hands, to prevent the entry of the disease through the mouth, and tonics, toys, etc. Used by the child are regularly disinfected。
3. Decay: the main manifestations of constipation are defecation, defecation difficulties and reduced defecation. In order to prevent the constipation of the baby, it is necessary to ensure that the baby receives sufficient food fibres, vegetables, fruits, coarse foods, such as broccoli, spinach, apples, bananas, maize, oats, etc. Adequate drinking water is also important, allowing the baby to drink enough water every day to promote intestinal creeping and soften shit. Cultivating a baby 's habits of regular defecation, allowing the baby to defecate on a toilet every day at a fixed time, can sit for a few minutes, if not by choice, gradually generating conditional reflection. If the baby is constipated, it is possible to promote intestinal creeping through abdominal massage, with the baby's belly umbilical cord at its centre, with a small hand-held hourly needle to massage the baby's abdomen for 5 - 10 minutes each and 2 - 3 times a day. If constipation is severe, prescription drugs such as cascades can be used under the direction of a doctor, but not for long periods of time。
Childcare is a journey of love and challenge, and each baby is unique, and there will be surprises and worries as it grows up. New parents need to maintain a culture of learning, science-based parenting, respect for the child's personality and development, and give the baby more love and company. In case of problems with child-rearing, you can ask a doctor, a professional parent or other experienced parent to be sure that, with the joint efforts of all, the baby will grow up healthy and happy。
