In recent years, a new type of health-care vegetable has been grown in many parts of the country — ice vegetables, which are grown in greenhouses and sheds in hubei, zhejiang, shandong and yunnan, yielding between 4,000 and 5,000 kg per 667 m2, with market prices currently reaching $8-10/kg, with an average annual gross income of 320,000 to 50 million yuan per 667 m2, with considerable economic benefits and broad market prospects。
1. Cultivation characteristics
1. 1 plantation
The icy is a year of raw meat herbs, with more developed roots; shears a half-cranium, pre-eating straight growth, post-crowding, stem cylindrical, with very strong branch properties, each argon can grow a side branch and form a multi-grade branch; shears, flats, eggs or long spoons, and is fat. The flowers are head-formed, single armpits, 2. 5 cm in diameter, almost impenetrable; they are a chrysanthemum, small petals, most petals, threads, longer than poachs, red with white or light roses; they are open from spring to autumn, with 1-20 flowers per flower, with a duration of about 1 month. When the sun is full, the leaves are red in depth and the bright pearls are on the back of the leaves, the straws and the flowers. Plumb 5, filament, pillar 5. Pyramid meat chamber 5, starry four, broken petals, broken ridges with wings, seeds. Ice cream is pollinated with a small, elliptical seed mass of about 0. 3 g in thousands. Seeds mature from may to june and can be stored at constant temperatures in a light ventilator。
1. 2 growth conditions
Ice-crazy and cold, survival temperature conditions - 5-30°c, the most viable long temperature is 15-25°c, with less than 0°c leaf atrophy and a decaying plant; and over 28°c, the plant is in the form of a long life, and the leaves are shrunk and aging, and ice-crystal particles on the leaf are reduced and of poor quality。
The ice cream is also a c3/cam convertible model plant. General conditions of cultivation, such as c3 plants, are used for photocooperative purposes; however, in a dry or salty environment, photocooperative uses can be made through the cam route. Ice cream is less stringent for light conditions, and glamorous light is strong enough to grow under 3,000 ~14,000 lx. In the yangtze basin, winter and spring planting, the general shed cover meets its light needs and does not require refuelling。
Ice-crazy, dryer, drought-resistant, drought-resistant, wet-resistant, suitable for cultivation under smooth drainage conditions, with severe effects on normal growth due to excessive moisture or water-filled environments. In order to avoid mudslides on the leaves, it would be preferable to use sprays or microsprays, usually once a week。
Ice cream is good sandy soil. Ice cream has a strong saline resistance and can grow in aqueous solution at almost the same level of salt as seawater. Its plant is capable of draining the excess salt that is absorbed through the tub, the salt glands covered by the leaves, to a transparent bag of 2 mm - which is typical of the saline plant。
Ice vegetables have a greater capacity than other plants to absorb and accumulate hazardous heavy metals such as cadmium, and should choose non-heavy metal-contaminated plot cultivation, both in water fields and in drylands。
2 cultivation season
Owing to cold tolerance and heat sensitivity, common plastic sheds in the yangtze basin without cooling conditions are not suitable for ice growing during the high-temperature season of june to august, and can be arranged for production in the remaining months. Because of the abundance of icing, the absence of soil in order to ensure hygiene and cleanliness, and the presence of cedar celibacy and the small amount of ice-crystal particles in the field, the yangtze basin is producing more of it with deep inner membrane cover。
In order to prolong the supply of ice-cooked vegetables, the yangtze river basin can produce ice-cooked vegetables 1 a 4 times。
1 the summer and autumn sheds covered the sun at the end of july and planted seedlings at the end of august and collected at the end of september and the end of february。
2 autumn and winter, mid-september, covered the top of the shed and planted it in late october, and collected it in early december until mid-april。
3 in mid-twilight springs, hot hotbeds of the shed planted seedlings, in early february of the following year, the shed was covered in multiple layers, and collected between mid-march and mid-may。
4 spring 2~march electric hotbeds planted seedlings, march~april planted, april~june harvested。
Ice-cuilled vegetables can be harvested in batches, usually about 1 harvest per month, 3 to 4 harvests per season, each yielding about 500 kg, and the annual production of the big sheds on their anniversary 4,000 to 5,000 kg。
3. Plantation techniques
3. 1 cultivation
In general, seedlings can begin to be planted at early autumn temperatures below 28°c or at early spring temperatures above 15°c. Winter and spring low temperatures use multilayer coverage to protect against cold, and summer high temperatures should cover sunnets, grass curtains, etc., to protect against sun and rain。
1 leached seedlings small ice seedlings, more seedlings are used in production, around 5gs per 667 m2. The normal temperature is 15°c and sowing is appropriate at around 20°c. It is common to use chronic impregnated seed, which is full of fresh, glamorous and insect-free seeds collected in the current year or the previous year, to impregnate in water at 20-30°c with ~2-4h, to be packed with clean wet wraps after dry water, to be sprung in a warm wet tank of 65% relative to the temperature of 25°c or under similar conditions 24h, during which the seeds are washed with constant temperature 1-2 times, 75% of the seeds are seeded white。
2 prepared earth; selected four unsifted fields with no vegetables sifted, four fertilizers for decomposing organic farmers, one for peat or grass-grain, one for cylindrium, and added to the soil per 1 m3 high-quality three-dollar composite fattening of nitrogen phosphorus 300-500 g, proportionally evened back-baskets or plates。
3 when seedlings are planted, water from the canteen is soaked with about 60 per cent of the amount of water, and it is more appropriate to hold them together and spread them loosely, so that the well-layed soil can be filled with 50 holes or 72 holes in the nursery plate. In each den, 1~2 grains are planted at depths not exceeding 1 cm, with sprayers spraying appropriate quantities of water, and a thin layer of thinner earth, which is placed on a nursery bed。
4 the daytime temperature of the seedling period is 20~25°c, 15~20°c at night, relative humidity 70~75%. Watering is based on the principle of “dry-dry-drinking”. Ice seeds are small, easily washed up by water, and it's more appropriate to use sprayers or micro-jets on top of the shed. After seeding, 2~3 d seeds are released, which should be suitable for weak light. After planting, 12-15 d of the leaf grows, the colours are lighter, and the surface of the leaf has white crystals, which should prevent the growth and reversal of the seedlings, manage the daytime temperature at around 25°c, and keep an eye on the ventilation and promote the growth of the seedlings. After seeding, 25-30 d, seedlings can be planted at 3-4 leafs。
Shrimp growth temperature is appropriate at 20-25°c, and management attention is given to three points: first, water can be poured with water, preferably sprayed with spray; second, winter and spring seedling beds should not be too hot, and the balconies should be lifted in time of day to increase light, so as to avoid the decorating of the weak; and third, summer seedlings should adequately cover shades such as sunnets or straw curtains。
3. 2 sapling
The choice of iced vegetables is to plant in sandy soils that are high in the ground, easy to drain, thick in the ground, soothing in the soil, with no choice of low-lying, adhesive fields. Iced vegetables are salt-resistant and suitable for cultivation in saline and re-alkalin sheds。
2 after the whole area fertilisation of the pre-harvest crop, 30~40 kg per 667 m2 application of fertilized organic fertilizers of 2,000~2,500 kg and 3-dollar composite fertilizers of nitrous phosphorus (n∶p∶k of 15:15:15). After applying the bottom fertilizer, turn 20 to 30 cm deep, so that the soil is mixed, the raspberry is formed as a ditch with a width of 1. 0 to 1. 2 m, a ditch with a height of 25 to 30 cm and a ditch 30 cm wide。
3 1~2 d before the planting of seedlings, with drip irrigation, membranes and dripping. The choice is to grow and grow, free of disease and pests, and to plant seedlings with four to five real leaves. In order to facilitate harvesting and prevent late growth space from being closed, it is advisable to use wide canals for double-row cultivation with a range of 50 ~60 cm and a range of 40 ~50 cm. When planting, the seedlings are placed in the center of the cave, with no damage to the roots, and then the soil is suppressed, and the water is poured out in time. Organic eco-based soil-free cultivation may also be undertaken on condition。
3. 3 field management
1 after mid-october, the yangtze river basin should be properly equipped with plastic sheeting when the temperature at night is below 15°c. For the front period of the membrane cover, more than 28°c should be cooled and humid in a timely manner, with control of 20-25°c during the day and 15-18°c during the night, with a relative humidity of 60% and 75%. In november, at nighttime temperatures were lower than 10°c. In order to prevent cold temperatures from affecting the growth of iced vegetables, small arch sheds were needed to stay warm in the shed, but during the day, small sheet film should be removed and ventilated and humid. Ice cream is more chilly and can continue to grow as long as the temperature in the shed is not less than 5°c. After december, the night temperature fell below 0°c, and in order to avoid the frost, a small arch should be built to cover membranes and straw curtains to keep them warm so as to ensure that the ice can survive the winter, that the membranes and straw curtains in the small arch can be removed early and evening, and that the film can be kept untouched during the day in which it falls or falls. Ice can grow at the highest temperature and humidity, with high temperatures often leading to a decrease in crystal particles and a decrease in commerciality. When temperature is higher than 30°c in the shed after spring heat, the air and sun should be replaced in a timely manner。
2 fertilizer management. When planted, fill the water with a fixed root water, which may not be used in 10 d after general planting, and is only replenished when the leaves are slightly aging, and the water is suitable for irrigation. Water control should adhere to the principle of “dry-wet, water-filled”. The moderate control of moisture facilitates the formation of ice-creature and leaf crystals and enhances commerciality. Ice cream is drought-resistant, usually watered every 5-7 d, and soil moisture is around 70%. Water accumulation on the membrane needs to be cleaned in a timely manner, otherwise it can lead to rotting leaves that are in contact with the membranes. Following the transfer of iced vegetables, approximately 15 d, depending on the strength of the plant, can be followed up with 1 quick-effect nitrogen fertilizer per 667 m2 per urea application of 10 ~ 15 kg, which should be followed by water in time for root system absorption, increase fertility, and about 40 d per plant to enter the harvest period, with 1 high-quality 3d compound fertilizer per nitrous phosphorus per harvest of 15 ~ 20 kg per 667 m 2 application. Because of the thinness of ice cream fibres and the corresponding slowness in the delivery of moisture and nutrients, the pursuit of fertilizers cannot be too thick and must be done with too little effort。
3 salt management 3 in order to improve the appearance of ice vegetables, the plant should be replaced with a suitable amount of salt in time for planting, usually with one salt water per month at a concentration of 200 ~400 mmol/l. If the taste of ice cream is less salty, the frequency of salt water irrigation can be increased appropriately. If the soil is planted without planting ice vegetables, the dripping of salt water is stopped one month before the harvest. Ice-resistant salt, water-planting electroconductor rate 2 ms/cm in good shape. Organic ecological non-terrestrial substrate cultivation may also be used to resupply salinity directly through drip irrigation systems。
In order to ensure the cleanliness of products, ice-cooked vegetables should reduce the exposure of the leaves to the soil and can be planted. At the end of the line, a pole is placed along the line, each 1 m per pole, and the ice-cruising pole is held between the lines to prevent the slide of the plant, and to facilitate the air and light and enhance light cooperation. After planting 30 d, large leaves should be removed from the lower part of the ice-fruit in time for the ventilation and prevention of disease caused by the decay of the leaves. Cultivation can be carried out in a timely manner, reducing the density of branches and promoting the growth and growth of plants. When iced vegetables move, they usually bloom in a period of 2 to 3 months, and the guacamole is removed and the harvest period can be extended. In winter sheds, if they can ensure temperatures above 5°c, the plant will not die and will continue to grow and harvest the following year. However, plants after flowering may be inactivated, so winter plants must remove the buds to ensure normal growth in the coming year。
The ice can grow faster, but in the early stages weeds can still grow. Weeds need to be grown regularly so as not to affect the growth of ice can be combined with weeding and laxation of the soil to promote the growth of ice root. The ice root system is relatively shallow, mainly in the 5-15 cm earth layer, where it can be cultivated in a shallow manner, with as little damage to the root system as possible. Covering the black membrane is also effective against weeds。
3. 4 disease control
The application of pesticides should be minimized when ice cream is used for the direct extraction of vegetables and when pest and disease control focuses on “preventive and integrated management”. The greenhouses and sheds use the anti-worm nets for physical isolation, with yellowboards, blueboards and booby traps to effectively combat aphids, tremors and powdered lice. The disease is mainly sudden-onset, mainly concentrated in the pre-planting and pre-growing periods, caused by over-planting, high wetness, poor ventilation, effective control of ventilation and wetting through rational planting, and timely removal of prophylactic leaves to prevent infection。
3. 5 collection
About a month after planting, the plant enters a rapid and long-lived period, and the side branches are pumped very quickly and can be harvested. Ice-cuilled leaves are tender and, when harvested, be careful to cut them lightly to avoid damage to or destruction of crystall particles. Keep 1 pair of functional leaves at point 1 of the harvest branch to ensure the subsequent sub-divisions develop. A summary is combined with plastics, giving priority to the harvesting of side branches in growth-intensive areas, the removal of old and weak leaves from the lower, the proper removal of parts of the side branches, and the avoidance of small branch sizes due to poor ventilation. Timely harvests facilitate the growth of branches and can be extended. Collect at low temperatures in the morning or in the evening, as far as possible, in a timely manner and at low temperatures, if conditions permit. General 0~5°c can be saved under refrigeration conditions 5~7d. They are taken and placed in a plastic basket and fed or packed in a timely manner. An ice bottle (frozen into ice with ordinary plastic bottles frozen with water) is placed in front of the box, an ice bottle is wrapped in a newspaper to prevent frostbite leaves, and leaves are flattened to avoid damage during transport and remain of the same quality during transport. (c) the light discharge of the pick-up or container so as to ensure that the leaves are not damaged。
3. 6 retention
At present, ice-cuillery has not formed a cultivator, and the resources that have been introduced are available for breeding by choice. If you want to collect seeds during the flower season, you can pollinate manually, but flowering has a certain impact on the growth of ice cream, significantly reducing the growth and taste quality of the tubers. It is therefore appropriate to separate breeding and cultivation. Selectively good monocultures provide sufficient fat water to promote growth and appropriate flowers for the nutritional supply of seeds. When the seed capsule becomes purple red. The whole seed cyst is removed from the harvest and the tan is dried and the separated seed is removed by hand, and full, round and dark seeds are selected for storage in the ventilated dry zone。
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