High-quality cultivation and management of grapes in fuan city
Wong xiaoxia
Vitis labrascana kyoho is a medium-pretty, american hybrid. The city of fouan, which has been growing since 1984, has been developing for more than 30 years to establish the largest, most productive and most efficient production of grapes in fujian province. With the rapid development of the economy and the improvement of the material standard of living, there is a higher demand for the quality of the great grapes. High-quality large-peak grapes are graded mainly on the basis of symmetry, colour, size of fruit grains, thinness of fruit powder, sugar and acidity and flavor. Specific criteria: unanimous maturity, completeness of the fruit, full size of the fruit, clean face of the fruit, thick powder of the fruit, dark purple or purple black, non-defeated, fissure-free, disease-free, solid unsoftened grains; soluble solid matter content of 17% or more; fine meat, sufficient juice, 0. 4% acidity ~ 0. 7%; fruit ear weight of 300 to 450g and fruit weight of 12g or more. Improved cropping patterns, changes in cultivation perceptions and production limits are necessary options to increase the efficiency of the colossal grape cultivation。
Technical problems in the cultivation of large-scale grapes
1. 1 serious drop-off fruit
The extreme instability of corrosive fruit, the excessive growth of plants caused by strong cutting in cultivation, or the competition of chickens due to over-heavy shelfing, or the excessive application of inappropriate measures such as the application of nitrogen fertilizer and high water supplies leading to the planting of a low carbon ratio, have resulted in a large number of flowers falling fruit, leading to a decrease in the shape and volume of fruit ears。
1. 2 low sugar and poor color
The total sugar content of high-quality giant glucose should be over 17 per cent, but in general farmers grow about 15 per cent of the total glucose content and the fruit is mainly red and purple. This is due to high yields and the inability of tree bodies to provide sufficient nutrients per ear of grapefruit, resulting in lower sugar content and poor colour。
1. 3 the acute problem of fruit farming
In the north-east of fujian province, central asia is characterized by tropical oceanic monsoon winds, full of light and heat, high temperature and humidity in the summer season, annual average temperature 13. 6-19. 8°c, annual rainfall 1,350-2,050mm, long frostfree period, average 287d. Under the unique climatic conditions of fouan, large-peak grapes are planted in the ground with fungal disease and severe pests. Conventional pest control requires multiple ore pesticides and chemically synthesized pesticides, which are sprayed repeatedly and over a long period of time, resulting in residues of grape pesticides, seriously affecting the quality of fruit and marketing。
High-quality grape cultivation and management techniques
2. 1 building and planting
2. 1. 1 built and rain-shield cultivation, isolation from rain, ventilation and reduced humidity can reduce the incidence of grape disease at mega-peaks. The ceiling of the shed is 3. 3 ~ 3. 5 m high, the shoulder of the shed is 2. 0 ~ 2. 2 m high, the roof is 5. 2 ~ 5. 5 m wide, and the polyethylene film (pe) of the dropless type is chosen as the film of the shed with a thickness of 0. 06 ~ 0. 08 mm。
2. 1. 2 cultivation of the fouan vineyards is mostly made of rice fields, with a groundwater level above 50 cm, which is extremely detrimental to the growth of the root systems, and the use of narrow, tall and dense planting for the gardens can be effective in avoiding the effects of groundwater tables. However, narrow, high and dense plantings are no longer suitable for the high-quality cultivation techniques of the plume, and soil farming must be improved. For a giant grape with natural, large tree crowns of x, a larger range of root systems is required, with a high range of 1 pole above 50 cm and a width of not less than 3 m, and an increase in soil per year, depending on the growth of the plant, to expand the range of the dome. The choice of a two-year tree for planting is ideal, and in that year the first branch and the second branch will be produced to facilitate the formation of the canopy and early results. Density control at 667 m
2 84 plants are suitable for cultivation and range
4mx2m. The permanent tree is marked according to its growth, followed by a planned inter-cropping based on the extent of shade in the plant, with an inter-cropping distance of about 4 m x 4 m, with 42 per 667 m2, followed by a planned inter-cropping based on growth, with 5-8 years of long-duration distance of around 8 m x 8m, with 10-12 units per 667 m2, for the purpose of raising the tree crown。
2. 2 integrative shearing
In the fouan grape growing season, rain is abundant, and if the prowling grapes adopt an umbrella, small canopy canopy that tends to thrive, the branches are too dense and long, resulting in an imbalance between the top and the ground. They often resort to inhibitive retrenchment, which can inhibit the growth of tree crowns, but can cause greater damage to the tree body, resulting in early decay of the tree body and not contributing to the continued high productivity of the plume grapes. It has been proven that, in the high-temperature and rain-fed areas of the south, giant raisins are rarely planted at long line distances, with long-form shapes and cuttings to allow the tree crowns to be fully extended into tree crowns in order to ease the growth of giant raisins, with the aim of stabilizing the tree position and improving solidity. The natural large tree canopy x, i. E. The seedling that was planted in that year had a master grave and two leaf blades to pick up the heart, and, when the main roof was mounted, a master grave and a bystand. In the early spring of the second year, the first branch, the second branch, and the third branch, which was divided by the first branch, were determined to be strong, to remove the main branch and the first branch, which occurred close to the main branch, and to retain only one of the two or three branches that had emerged from the first branch, while other new branches were retorted, prompting the first branch to prolong the branches and to increase their strength. In the third year, the heads of branches 1, 2 and 3 will be directed in the direction required by the tree, and several of the stalks will be retained in relation to the second branch and a fourth branch will be chosen, essentially in the form of an “x”, and two or three sub-pows will be trained on each branch, with a side branch on the branch, and the canopy will be expanded. An average of 25 to 35 m2 of the shantytown area is covered by an x-type orthopaedic cut。
2. 3 plumbing
2. 3. 1 the main purpose of chording is to avoid competition for nutrients between the various parts of the troupe and to increase the rate of sit-ins. A week or so before the flower blooms, the bouquets are squeezed, and the small and excessive bouquets are cut, and the large bouquets of the bouquets of the bouquets are suffocated, and the number of axes on the main agglomerations is set at 14 to 15, so as to concentrate the nutrients, so that the luminous ears are condensed and cylindrical。
2. 3. 2 stalking results are too high not only to affect the total sugar content and colour of the fruit, but also to lead to a lack of nutrients stored in the tree body and to a weakening of the tree, leading to a reduction in production in the following year. In particular, there are too many fruits, which have a great impact on color. It is therefore necessary to swipe and leave the fruits as early as possible in order to achieve a steady annual production quality. After the flowers, 15 to 20 d, it's good to have a good osmosis at the beginning. In accordance with the principle of two ears of strong and strong branches, one ear of medium-sized branches and one ear of weak branches, the siphons of bad fruit are removed, and 2,500 to 2,800 ears for every 667 m2 and 3 to 4 ears of m-2 for control。
2. 3. 3 sorbs the oscillation shall be immediately followed by a eutrophication to ensure sufficient nutrients for the remaining ointment by limiting the number of ointments, thereby increasing the ointment and promoting colour. High-quality giant grapes should not have more than 400 g on average, with 350 g on average. If they are to be 11-12 g per grain, the number of fruit per ear should be 30-35. Deformation, small head, overture or inappropriate position, and large, but poorly colored, juvenile fruit. In order to ensure that the grains are well organized, they shall be chosen from outside the ears. The number of particles left on the axis should be differentiated by bit, i. E. 4-4-3-3-3-3-2-2-2-1-1-1-1-1-1 (in 30 pieces) from top to bottom, if expressed by a swipe model of 1 15 segments。
2. 4 packages
Fruit packs improve the lightness and beauty of the fruit, promote a balanced colour of the fruit, prevent sunburning, fibrosis, reduce fruit losses, reduce pesticide residues, increase the safety of agricultural products and significantly improve the quality of the fruit. It is generally preferred to use white, treated polyethylene paper bags, or to use better water-drilling wax-containing paper bags for bags. After the fruit is completed, it is desirable to choose the sunday after 8:00 a. M. To 10:00 p. M. Or 16:00 p. M., and to be careful to avoid high temperatures after rain. A combination of 1,000-2,000 times of emulsifiable concentrate with 2 per cent decompression or 25 per cent of carbon delta suspension can be used to spray fruit-spruce with 1,000-fold fluid, and a bag should be completed in 2d immediately after drying。
2. 4 fertilizer water management
In order to improve the quality of the crumbs, organic fertilizer (in terms of nutrient purity) should reach 50% of the annual application. In general, animal fat is used to increase phosphorus, potassium compound fertilizer as appropriate, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:0. 8:1. 1. The previous year saw organic fertilisation of 400-500 kg per 667 m2 in an exterior ditch or fermentation of fertilized animal waste of 1,000-2,000 kg. On the basis of organic fertilisation, four more times. The first was pre-sprinated with nitrogen fertilizer, followed by water in a timely manner; the second was followed by boron fertilizer before pumping branches and flowering; the third was applied compound fertilisers during large periods of fruit expansion; and the fourth was applied phosphorous fertilisation at the beginning of the colouring of fruit. It is not appropriate to catch too much weight each time, and water should be applied in a timely manner to prevent injury to the seedlings. The fertilizing position is constantly replaced or fully covered with soil. Micro-element fat is best sprayed on the leaves. The salinization of the soil due to increased salinity due to long-term cover is to be prevented. If the orchard is dry or dry, the face is poured and wet. The pre-breeding, lumbering and bulging periods (demonstration periods) require large amounts of water and can keep the shallow layer of water in the ditches. More water is needed during flowering periods and adequate water is provided before flowering, but it cannot be wet enough to prevent asymptomosis and axle brownosis。
2. 5 integrated pest and disease management
Insisting on a “preventive, integrated” approach to plant protection, integrating agricultural measures and physical and bioecological control. Rain-shield cultivation is used to isolate the thin membrane from the rain, which is directly exposed to the fruit, and the incidence of pests and diseases is significantly reduced. During the winter, thorough gardening was carried out, leaves were cleared in a timely manner and burned outside the shed to reduce the incidence of pests and diseases. Good soil and water management systems, increased organic fertilizer, timely weeding and drainage, reasonable loads, scientific trimulation, and the maintenance of ventilation in gardens can increase the capacity to plant their own pests and diseases. Implementation of fruit packs, in due course, to block the path of infestation of fruit. Select biological agents to combat, protect and use natural enemies. Spraying of chickens with 3° ~ 5° thiphthalmite when early spring sprouts are loose; bordeaux and other fungicides can be used interchangeably during the growing season. When none of the other methods of control is effective in controlling pests, safe, low-toxic and efficient chemical pesticides may be used to combat them。
