There are very few scientific theories in the world that seem to be understood by everyone, and 90 per cent of ordinary people are mistaken。
Evolutionism is the most typical。
When it comes to evolution, everyone's first reaction is eight words: people are monkeys. Such a superficial conclusion, which has been in circulation for hundreds of years, has been written in textbooks, spread over the internet and become the whole public's awareness of evolution. But very few know that this is not a true theory of evolution, but a general myth that is simplified, castrated and distorted. ** real evolution is much more colder, more sophisticated and more subversive than we thought. **
It has no so-called “direction of progress”, no better vision of “the evolution of everything”, much less a set of social laws to promote competition and the strength of the weak. On the contrary, reading the real theory of evolution will lead you to take a fresh look at life, at humanity, at the whole world in which we live, and even to overturn what we have known for many years。
In the history of humankind, there have been two global explorations that have completely subverted sublime perceptions, shaken values and shattered the sense of self-worth. First time, it was magellan global. The iron-like fact of this voyage has overturned the “twilight circle” that has been raging for thousands of years, telling mankind that the earth beneath our feet is only a small round planet, and that we are not the centre of the world。
For the second time, very little is known but far more influential than the former. It rewrites the entire human perception of life, of self and of the universe enough to influence the human science process of the last two centuries. In 1831, the east was the late qingling of the emperor. No one realizes that, just nine years later, the fire of the opium war will burst through the gates of the country and crush the glory of a thousand years of feudal dynasty. On the other side of the globe, a small british warship opened its second voyage. The name of the warship is little hound。
The significance of this voyage is beyond the imagination of all. More than a hundred years later, mankind began the age of mars exploration,** and the british deliberately named their mars lander little hound 2, in honour of this great voyage that has changed human civilization. ** on board, with a 22-year-old young historian, charles darwin。
Now we know physicists, chemists, biologists, but 200 years ago, the most popular and romantic profession of our time. At a time when recent science was just budding, humans were extremely curious about nature, and the dawn of the great seafaring age had given rise to new and unknown species and uncharted fossils around the world, with countless people obsessed with collecting natural specimens and recording everything in yamakawa. Darwin, like all ordinary historians, has no amazing ambition and has never wanted to destabilize the world. Every time he arrives in an entirely new sea, a strange island, he carefully collects local specimens of flora and fauna, excavates ancient fossils in the layers, and records in detail all the observations made。
He was nothing but a love for nature and a obsession with exploration, and no one, including himself, could think that these seemingly trivial records, day after day, would ultimately produce a great theory that would subvert the consciousness of all humankind and completely destroy its sense of self-sacrifice。
The voyage lasted five years. Five years around the world have seen numerous strange species differences and ancient fossil traces slowly accumulate and sink in darwin's heart. But he did not immediately make any comments. The reason was simple: he was frightened by the conclusions he was about to draw. In the nineteenth century, religious theology was an absolute mainstream value. It is clear from the bible that all things are created by god, that human beings are god's pets, that they are special beings above all things, and that they are born with souls and sacredness. Darwin's observations, however, are slightly reversing the mainstream perception of the millennium. He was aware that, once the doctrine had come to light, it would trigger a wave of wild criticism from the entire religious community. So he fortified for over 20 years. For more than two decades, he continued to sharpen his theory, add to his evidence and refine his logic, and it was not until it was established that the doctrine was rigorous, comprehensible and irrefutable that he finally chose to make it public。
It must be said that a second such doctrine will never be found in human history. From the very first day of life, evolution has never stopped being challenged, criticized and rejected. The rhetoric of religious figures, the scepticism of the academic world, the misunderstandings of the general public, have prevailed for more than 200 years since its birth. ** it is amazing, however, that the more the debate, the more the question, the more the research, the more the scientific evidence that underpins the theory of evolution, the more the theoretical system is perfect and solid。
At the beginning of evolution, the worst attacks were perpetrated by religious communities. One of the most classic debates took place between the supporters of evolution, hercule, and religious figures. A churchman is in public, mocking to ask herculean: “you argue that humans have evolved from apes, so i ask, is your ape ancestors from your grandfather's side or your grandmother's side?” this sentence is extremely humiliating and attempts to push down supporters of evolution on a personal level. But hershey's counter-attack is a classic, scrambling voice: “if i had to choose between someone like a beast and someone like you, i would rather choose apes than someone who knows no science, ignores the truth and uses humiliation instead of debate.”
More interestingly, captain hound, who carried darwin on a great voyage, was a religious christian. He has always believed that darwin's evolution is a heresy of blasphemy, without any awareness of his involvement in a great exploration that has been written down in history. At the end of the voyage, he publicly raised the bible and called on all to reject darwin's theory and to reject the doctrine of “deviousness”. But more insults, boycotts and criticisms will never kill the truth。
Darwin's greatness goes hand in hand with euclid and newton. Not only did he present a whole new set of theories, but he explained the most complex life forms in the world with a very simple, rigorous and purely bottom-up logic. Newton mechanics uses simple formulas to explain the physical operation of the macro universe, so that celestial activity and object stress are no longer mysterious; and evolutionary theory, using a simple set of natural laws, unlocks the ultimate code of life evolution, allowing all the forms, habits and ways of survival of all things in the world to be followed and completely breaking the the theological monopoly on the origin of life。
For more than 200 years, countless people have tried to overturn the theory of evolution, which has ultimately helped to perfect it. The many loopholes that challenged it were now filled by science. Initially, the biggest challenge for the academic community was the age of the earth. According to darwin's theory, biological evolution from simple life to today's thousands of species takes billions of years. At that time, however, geological studies measured that the earth was only tens of millions of years old and was far from supporting the time of biological evolution. ** darwin at the time, there is no evidence to refute this challenge, which is also one of the biggest schematics of evolution。
But as geology continues to develop, humans have calculated with precision the long history of the earth, which has been in the past 4. 6 billion years, and which is sufficient to sustain billions of years of life evolution, a once deadly loophole that has been completely filled。
The second fatal question is the principle of genetics and mutation. Darwin's evolutionary theory suggests that biological reproduction produces genetic and random variations and that the triumphs and disadvantages drive evolution. But in that age, when there was no genetic concept, no one could explain how the characteristics of a creature were inherited from generation to generation, and how the mutation happened. This dilemma has plagued the academic world for hundreds of years, and it was not until humans discovered the genes and deciphered the genetic code that answers everything. The genes carry all the genetic information about the organisms** and are steady for transmission to the next generation, while spontaneous random genetic mutations can occur during reproduction. **
The bottom logic of this genetic operation, perfect for darwin's evolutionary theory, precisely fills a core loophole that couldn't be explained that year, turning evolution from observational hypotheses to hard-core science supported by molecular biology。
The third classic challenge is the absence of transitional fossils. In evolutionary terms, biological evolution is a gradual, micro-synthetic process**, so that there must be a large amount of transitional fossils between the two species in the layers. ** in darwin's age, however, there were few such fossils, and it was absurd for many to mock evolution. Darwin at the time had no choice but to explain that the conditions under which fossils were formed were extremely harsh, that the vast majority of life would be completely digested, that they could not be formed, and that transitional fossils would be extremely difficult to retain and discover. That explanation then sounded more like a weak argument。
However, as a result of the development of paleontology, a growing number of transitional fossils are being excavated, the most famous of which are the fossils of the originals, perfectly linked to the evolution of reptiles and birds as the strongest physical evidence of evolution. In addition to this, large numbers of marine amphibians, ancient humans, and the production of transitional fossils, are a solid proof of the core patterns of biological evolution。
To this day, evolutionism is no longer a mere hypothesis, but a core scientific theory that goes through countless empirical, layered and logically closed circles. The theory of evolution that we are talking about today is no longer the original version of darwin, but is based on darwin's natural choice, combined with genetics, paleontology, ecology and genetics, and has been supplemented by modern evolutionary theories that have been refined by countless scientists in the later years。
Let us begin by explaining the four core logics of modern evolutionaryism, simple and clear, understood by all, without any obscure terminology. First, genetic continuity. At the heart of biological reproduction is genetic transmission**, the core biological characteristics of the generations, their physical structure, their species properties, all of which are derived from their own genes, and the core properties of the species are not altered in a vacuum. ** second, the variation is completely random. Every time life reproduces, genes produce random, undirected, uncontrollable minor mutations. There is no pre-set**, no purpose, no order, simply random error, random change. ** some variations favour survival, others are irrelevant and others are directly fatal. Thirdly, survival is cruel. Natural resources are always limited** and biological reproduction is always excessive. ** each generation is born in numbers that far exceed the limits that the environment can carry, which leads to the inevitability of large numbers of individuals and their natural elimination. Only individuals who fit the environment and have the advantage of mutation can survive, reproduce and retain their genes. Fourthly, the efforts of the day after tomorrow are ineffective. By exercising, training, adapting to physical changes acquired in the day after birth, life is almost impossible to change its own genes and, even less, to inherit to the next generation. All genetic evolution is based on congenital random genetic mutation, rather than subjective effort。
The whole evolutionary logic is summed up by one sentence: random genetic mutation, passive environmental screening, retention of the fittest, complete elimination of the bad. The logic is very simple, simple and devoid of any mysterious colour. It does not require god's creation, no supernatural power or the will of life to explain the shape, habits and evolution of hundreds of millions of lives in the world。
Before evolution came into being, human beings looked at nature's ingenious design of life, and always feared. Birds' wings are well-fitted, fish's gills are well-fitted to breathe underwater, plants' roots are well-fitted to grow soil, and animals' protective colours are perfect to avoid natural enemies. Every organ, every characteristic of everything in the world, is well-fitted to live in a perfect environment. In the absence of evolution, it is natural to believe that such a perfect design is necessarily the result of the elaborate creation of the supreme gods, all of which are made. And the emergence of evolutionary theory has completely broken this theological superstition. It tells us by the simplest laws of nature that all the fine structures of life in the world are never carefully designed, but are the result of billions of years of random mutations, layers of filtering, and successive generations. There's no preset perfection. There's only survival. All the fine designs that we see are the best solutions that have survived countless retirements。
Unfortunately, one set of rigorous, hard-core, subversive scientific theories has been misinterpreted, castrated and misreaded for centuries. Then, one by one, we break down the misunderstandings of the seven most deeply rooted evolutionary theories of ordinary people and completely reverse the truth of evolution。
Misunderstanding one: evolutionism is a one-way move from “low to high”. This is one of the most widespread and profound misunderstandings on the web, none. Almost everyone believes that evolution is a one-way process of upgrading life from simple to complex, from low to high, from primitive to intelligent, and that human beings are the ultimate peak of biological evolution and the highest life in the world. ** but the truth is the opposite: the exact name of evolution is never evolution, but evolution. “evolution” is a pure change of direction, purpose and purpose, with only one criterion: survival and continuity of genes. There has never been a “higher” “lower” species hierarchy in nature, nor has there ever been a “more complex and better” evolutionary pattern. The evolution of all organisms is only environmentally appropriate and genetically viable, and that is all。
A lot of people wonder why billions of years have passed, and the planet still has
