1 chapter v: basic knowledge of animal classification, i. Biology ii. Basic knowledge of animal taxonomy iii. Major taxonomy of animal species 2, i. Biological boundaries. Natural matter is divided into two broad categories: biological and non-living. Biologicals are life phenomena with metabolism, self-replicating reproduction, growth and development, genetic variability, sensitivity and adaptability. Thus, the biological world is also known as the world of life (vivicum). There is currently no consensus on the biological boundary. 3, 1. Two-tier system: the carlvon linne, 1735 age: the animalia botanical community (plantae) distinguishes organisms mainly by the characteristics observed in the eye, and the ability of organisms to move is standard, 4,2. Three-tier system: hogg, 1860 and haeckel, 1866). The widespread use of animal microscopes in the botanical community of protista revealed that many single-cell organisms have both animal and plant properties (e. G. Eyeworms), which are evidence of evolution but are difficult to classify. ,5. 3. Quadrant systems: h. F. Copeland, 1938: protoctista (including single algae, simple polycellulina, mucus, fungi and protofauna) post-plant plant community (m)Etaphyta (m)I don't know. The development of electro-microscope technology, which revealed significant differences between bacteria, blue algae and other organisms, led to the introduction of the concepts of the original and the real. 6,4. V systems: whitaker (rhwhittaker, 1969): fungi botanical animal community. With the refinement and widespread application of mirror technology and the accumulation of biological and chemical knowledge, it is widely accepted that the vision of the original nuclear organism is the basis for classification of modern biological systems. 7,5-category systems: 8,5-six-category systems: five-category systems do not reflect the noncellular biological phase. Our well-known entomologist, chen shifu (1979), proposed three six-tier systems in the general domain, namely: the noncellular (including viral) former nuclear (including bacteria and blue algae) general nuclear (including plants, fungi and animals). 9 the basic knowledge of animal taxonomics is the basic knowledge of the five animal communities of the fungi and fungi of the three nuclei of the five nuclei 3 of the five nuclei 3 of the five nuclei 3 of the five nuclei, the basic knowledge of animal taxonomy: the knowledge of animal taxonomy is a necessary basis for learning and studying physology. Scientific research in any field, including macro, micro and related areas such as agro-forestry and fisheries, requires, first and foremost, the correct identification of the research material or the species (species) to which it is directed, otherwise any higher level of research will lose its objectivity, contrast, repetitiveness and scientific value. 11, (i) classifications are based on: 1, classification systems: (1) human-made classification systems: classification based on the characteristics of the biological morphology, or certain characteristics of the habitivity, with no in-depth knowledge of the relative relationship between them, referred to as artificial classification systems. (2) natural classification system: based on the sum of similarities and differences in animal form or anatomy, and based on much evidence from antiquities, comparative embryonics and comparative anatomicals, it is essentially representative of the nature of the relationship between animals, known as the natural classification system. 12,2. Classification methods: over the past 20 years, the theory and research methods of animal taxonomy have developed considerably. Several university schools have emerged in the theory of classification, and while there is much common ground in the rationale, the emphasis varies. 13,(1) branch classification method (cladisticssystemmatics or cladistics): otherwise known as the branch system approach, which considers the best or only way to reflect the system's development relationship to be based on the lineage between the classification units, while the most precise sign of the lineage relationship is the relative proximity of the common ancestor. 14,(2) evolutionarysystemics: it is considered that a relationship of systematic development cannot be established by blood alone in such a way as to give a complete picture of what has occurred in the evolution process. It should also take into account the degree of evolution between the taxonomy units, including the degree of alienation and the degree of evolutionary change that has accumulated between ancestors and descendants. 15,(3) numerialssystemmatics: the view was expressed that weighting should not be given to any feature, through a large amount of unauthorised characterization studies of the overall similarity to reflect the approximation between the taxonomy units, computer computing, and analysis of inter-relationship between the taxonomic units based on similar coefficients. 16,(4) molecularphylogenetics: since the 1950s, a growing number of taxonomics have used congener molecules in different animal groups as a source of identity. If a system of animal groups is extrapolated from the base sequence of the rna. Quantities of similarity and variation in the base series or the amino acid series can be used to measure evolutionary differences between the two groups. As a result of the development of new technologies, new equipment, new ideas, in-depth studies on cytology, genetics, biochemistry, and computer applications, several new guidelines have been established in taxonomy: (1) biochemistry guidelines (2) genetic guidelines (3) guidelines on immunization (4) codes of conduct, 18, and (ii) classification levels: taxonomy uses different hierarchical characteristics based on the proximity of organisms to the same, different degrees and related relationships. 19 for example, the family of the family is of the genius species,20 for example: the animal troupe of the animal troupe of the italian bees, the arthropota troupe of the arthropota troupe, and the carnivora diaphragm of the hymenoptera diaphragm of the hymenoptera can be found in the canidae bee of the canis apida of the apida. 21 for the more precise expression of the classification of the species, it is possible to further disaggregate the original trophs and to add to the above-mentioned six cysts the same order the same. The names of the steps to be added are often formed by adding the sum (super-) or sub-(sub-) before or after the original element name. As a result, the names of the general, subclass, etc. 22, (iii) concept of species: 1 concept of species: the definition of species is not the same as in each of the teaching materials, to name but a few. 23, the definition of species (1) is a natural group that reproduces each other, is reproductively isolated from the rest of the population and occupies a special ecological position in nature (niche). 24, definition of species (2), species are the total name of a herd of animals close to origin, in a morphologically and biologically similar pattern, that can produce new individuals similar to itself after mating. 25, definition of species (3), species are the basic and intermittent form of continuity and interlocking uniformity in the development of biological communities; in active organisms, species are presented as a unified breeding group, consisting of a population with physical or potential reproductive capacity in a given space and isolated from other such groups. 26, species are defined (4) as biological complexes of a similar morphological nature, capable of being hybrid and requiring similar environmental conditions. 27,2 standard, (1) morphological standard: there must be clear and stable morphological differences between any two species. (2) genetic criteria: the non-coalition of the two species produces the bastard, and if the mating produces the bastard, the bastard is not reproductive. (3) geographical criteria: each species has its own distribution area. 28, 3, sub-species, variants and varieties: (1) sub-species: the morphological characteristics of the individuals in the species vary somewhat as a result of their geographical and reproductive isolation. (2) varieties: a product of artificial intervention in nature, a person of a new form or sexual nature that is derived from artificial selection. (3) variables: there is a certain difference in characteristics from the original species and a certain geographical distribution. 29, (iv) name of animal: double name: every animal has a name (sciencename). The title consists of two latin or latinized texts. The first word is the name of the animal and the first letter is capitalized in the main qualifier; the next word is the name of its seed, and the first letter is not to be capitalised in adjective or noun. The school name is followed by the name of the original named person. The names of the species shall be followed by the names of the species and shall constitute the three methods commonly referred to。30, iii. Major taxonomy in the animal community: 1, protozoe 2, meiofauna 3, sidefauna 4, vericulus, 31, major taxonomy in the animal community:,
