Nanotechnologic
Also known as nanotechnology is the science and technology of individual atoms, molecularally manufactured substances, to study the nature and application of materials with structural dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometres. Nanoscience and technology are the products of a combination of modern science (mixed physics, quantum mechanics, mestizo physics, molecular biology) and modern technology (computer technology, microelectronic and scanned tunnel microscope technology, nuclear analysis technology), and nanoscience will trigger a new set of science and technology。
Conceptual classification
From studies to date, nanotechnology is divided into three concepts:
The first concept is the molecular nanotechnology proposed by dr. Drexler, an american scientist, in 1986 in his book creation machine. According to this concept, the machine of the combination molecule can be functional, so that all types of molecule can be assembled at random and any kind of molecular structure can be created。
Recently, a german research team moved the molecules to difficult positions in their natural state. In the process, they used the molecules as a single field launcher and the electronics were triggered by the field。
On 27 june 2018, the study was published in nature. Scientists from the peter grünberg research centre in germany manipulated a large plane molecule, 3,4,9,10-thirty-methyl tetramethyl acetic anhydride (ptcda), allowing the ptcda molecule to “stand up”. The result may be an important milestone in making molecular nanotechnology a reality, with the promise of other subversive technologies。
Scientists have ptcca molecules straight above the silver metal layer (left). Typically, the ptcca molecules tend to “slide” on the silver layer. (source: forschungszentrum jülich)
The second concept, positioning nanotechnology at the limit of microprocessing technology. That's the technique of artificially building nanosized structures through nano-precision processing. This nanoscale processing technology is also reaching the limit of semiconductor miniaturization. Even if developed, existing technologies would theoretically reach the limit because, if the circuit was gradually smaller, the insulation membrane forming the circuit would be extremely thin, thus destroying insulation. In addition, there are heat and shaking issues. To address these problems, researchers are studying new nanotechnologies。
The third concept is presented from a biological perspective. As such, organisms have nanoscale structures within cells and biofilms. The development of dna molecular computers and cellular biocomputers has become an important element of nanotechnology。
Main elements
Nanotechnology is a highly cross-cutting and integrated discipline, covering a broad field of modern science and technology. Nanotechnology has four main aspects:
1. Nanomaterials
When the substance reaches nanoscale, in the range of approximately 0. 1 to 100 nm, the material's performance mutates and special properties occur. This material, which differs from the original composition of the atoms, molecules and macromass, is nanomaterials。
This feature is used primarily in the manufacture of micro-temporals. If technology is developed to a certain extent and used to create magnetic suspensions, faster, more stable and more energy-efficient high-speed trains can be created。
Magnetic resistance material for nanostructures
2. Nanodynamics
They are mainly micromechanical and microelectric machines, or commonly called mini-electrical mechanical systems (mems), used for micro-sensors and implementers, fibre-optic communication systems, special electronic equipment, medical and diagnostic instruments, etc., with a moving machinery. A new process similar to the design and manufacture of integrated appliances is used. It is characterized by very small components, often requiring tens to hundreds of micrometres at a very small width. This process can also be used for the production of three-phase electric motors, such as hypervelocity centrifuges or gyroscopes. In research, micro-modulars and micro-crushes of a quasi-atomic scale are also tested accordingly. Although they do not yet have real access to nanoscales, they are of great potential scientific and economic value。
3. Nanobiology
The structure and functions of cells within cells are studied at nanoscales, as well as the material, energy and information exchange within cells, between cells and between cells and throughout organisms. When nanobiology develops to a certain level of technology, nanomaterials can be used to produce nanobiocells capable of identifying cancer cells and biomedicines that absorb cancer cells, killing them。
The joint wuhan institute of hiv/biophysics of the chinese academy of sciences team has made new progress in nanobiology of viruses. For the first time in the world, the team proposed the control of the virus nanoparticle (virus-b) with a critical mass of protein(c) a policy for the assembly of outer-sourced substances that are compatible with internal packaging. The work was published online in the international journal nano letters (nami express) on 21 march 2019。
The group, based on the main model of vnp, which is made of the fungist ms2 shell protein, firstly established a method of ultrafilteration to measure vnp surface critical assembly concentrations; secondly, demonstrated the feasibility and generality of packaging the outer-source substances based on the surface-critical assembly concentration and further confirmed that this method maximizes the stability and activity of the outer-source load and achieves non-disrupted packaging of the outer-source load. The methodology, which introduces entirely new assembly control principles different from traditional solution exchange and is simple, greatly expands the application of the protein nanocage payload and will significantly promote the application of protein nanocages in various areas of nanotechnology。
Packaging methods based on critical assembly concentrations (principle diagram, for example, ms2 vnp)
4. Nanoelectronics
Includes nanoelectronic devices based on quantum effects, photo/electric properties of nanostructures, representation of nanoelectronic materials, atomic manipulation and atom assembly. Current trends in electronic technology require smaller, faster, colder and smaller devices and systems, referring to speed of response. It's colder when it's a single device with a smaller effort. But smaller is not unlimited. Nanotechnology is the last frontier of the builders, and its impact will be enormous。
Research staff at tianjin teacher university have obtained innovative research results in the field of two-dimensional materials, graphite transistor electronics sensors. For the first time, the researcher proposed a fully solid graphite field effect tube (furlysolid-stategraphene field-effect transistor, fss-gfet) device structure to process the graphite-sensitive ditch through the atom evaporated deposition technology to fully block the contamination of the graphite-sensitive grate and to process the field effects of electron particles in the structure of metal plume vertically on graphite. Experimental verification of the concentration of lead ion in aqueous solutions resulted in the performance of new devices close to the silicon semiconductor ic components and sensor performance increased by more than two orders of magnitude. While the researcher on this topic did not wish to claim that the fss-gfet structure was the ultimate form of the gfet sensor, it undoubtedly offered a viable solution for the future operationalization of graphite electronic sensors。
