China's archaeology has grown rapidly in contemporary society and has become a hot field for the public. Strengthening academic norms in archaeology is therefore particularly necessary. This paper reveals the need and urgency of chinese archaeology academic norms by exploring the relationship between archaeology and history, the norms of archaeological heat and field excavation, and public archaeology and market economy。
Keywords archaeology academic norms public archaeology
Central graph classification number: k87 bibliography code: a
1. Properly address the relationship between archaeology and history
While archaeology and narrow historicals are meant to study ancient human history, the difference between the two is significant。
First, the object of the study, i. E. The material being processed, is different. History deals mainly with literature from the past, while archaeology deals primarily with the physical legacy of the past. The difference between so-called “bibliography” and “physical memory” is obvious. In some cases, however, there is a degree of uniformity between the two. This is because all “bibliography” always has a certain vector, be it gold, stoned or simple, which can be regarded as a physical memory and the object of archaeological research。
Second, the differences in the study methodology are determined by the differences in the subject matter. Historians often seek and study records of particular historical events, which are then compared and identified. They are placed in a series of times and events are explained according to their consequences. Archaeology is based on geology and typology as the basic research theory and methodology,1 which seeks to reveal the trajectory of changes in the development of human activity in all its dimensions by studying the way of life in the wider field of ancient mankind through the discovery of relics and relics。
The true essence of the archaeology of science lies in the independent study of material remains beyond literature. But archaeology is now the main theoretical method of tectonic and typologies, but merely the analytical method of collating materials, and the cataloguing and description of objects in which a large number of archaeological excavations are reported does not effectively reflect historical information. The lack of historical and cultural information capabilities of archaeologists to interpret archaeological relics directly affects the scientific and practical nature of archaeological excavation reports. For example, when describing a particular object, the terms “argument”, “micro abdomen” and “broad abdomen” often appear, and it is difficult for readers to understand the specific morphological characteristics of the object, except for the authors of the report. This has also resulted in many historical researchers not being able to read archaeological reports, in which case the literature and archaeological findings are difficult to reconcile. The role of the majority of people in archaeology is also limited to the phase of “relevance of history” and to the kingdom's perception of the “dual evidence method”, thus ignoring the essence of archaeology as going beyond the historical literature and feeding historical information through physical memory。
The greatest advantage of archaeology lies in the comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the historical period at all levels, including the ecological environment, the way of survival, the technological economy, the social structure and even the ideology, in order to explore the factors that influence social and cultural development. In the course of archaeological work, reference can be made to the literature, but it cannot be led or directed, let alone “first-to-first-to-first” archaeological excavations, but let the material lead to the nose and make a new contribution to china's history and culture through the use of physical history and insights. Thus, professor roaté of the university of california in los angeles, in his discussion of the relationship between literature and archaeology, argued that the screening of literature and the integration with archaeologists were not necessarily necessary. The main task of archaeologists was to make the material culture clear and then report the results as a way for specialists in disciplines such as history, and then to allow studies in literature and archaeology to coexist, where the combination was not necessarily possible, although the two were different sides of the same phenomenon. This view is also shared by the western archaeology community and is also of some guidance for the development of chinese archaeology at this stage。
2 archaeological heat and field excavation norms
In the broader context of the “profit-only map” of the commodity economy, the role of the print media in promoting archaeological and antiquities collections, such as discovery, treasures, treasures and underground collections, should not be underestimated. This was followed by a nationwide wave of archaeology and antiquities collection. China's traditional archaeology has not yet fully adapted to this rapid development, which has led to many passivity and questioning. However, chinese archaeology should be based on sound academic norms, gradually adapting to the development of society and the needs of the general public, and take the opportunity to promote itself. And how to show the public the normative archaeology so that they can accept new discoveries of archaeology and reduce the voice of questioning and criticism is the focus of our discussion below。
First, in the course of archaeological excavations in the field, the process of archaeological excavations is regulated and carried out in strict compliance with the regulations on the work of archaeology in the field, issued by the national antiquities agency,6 in order to prevent archaeological excavations that are valuable and financially neutral。
Secondly, the public is impressed by the fact that destructive excavations are avoided as much as possible, and that the rehabilitation of the later stages of the discovery is done. Archaeological legacy is a non-renewable resource, and conservation awareness should run through the exhumation process. The question of whether to excavate or move, to present or bury in situ, or to fill in in situ, needs to be properly addressed in relation to archaeological excavations and the preservation of cultural relics, as well as issues related to the physical recovery and protection of movable cultural objects and the long-term protection of immovable monuments。
In order to address the problems of protection described above, archaeological workers, in the course of their excavations, invite persons involved in the protection of cultural objects and scientific and technological aspects to participate in archaeological excavations. This is the case of the “protector of cultural objects” mentioned in the daily journal of science and technology, which is an interdisciplinary, cross-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary and cross-sectoral product, developed jointly by the tung shun institute, the national museum, the chinese academy of social sciences and the university of qinghua, among others, and the country's first “moving laboratory for the protection of cultural property sites”. Since 2009, archaeological excavation sites in shanxi, shaanxi, shandong and hubei have been found on several occasions, providing comparative system techniques for archaeological work and timely processing and protection of excavated objects. This model deserves to be replicated nationwide。
3. Public archaeology and contemporary society
The public archaeology (public archaeology), also known as “public archaeology”, focuses on relations and communication between archaeology and the public, the protection and use of cultural heritage and the role and impact of archaeological discoveries on the political, economic, cultural and other aspects of modern society. In late 2009, the department of antiquities of henan province, among others, held a press conference in beijing, declaring the tomb of east han, or cemetery no. 2, which was excavated in anyang city, henan province, to be the high hill of cao cao wei. As soon as the news emerged, it attracted high levels of attention and debate in academia, the media and society. It is rare for an archaeological discovery to attract such a wide range of attention from all sectors of society. Not only is cao cao more famous in china’s public view of history, but he is closely associated with the above-mentioned archaeological heat, but he has also heard many “challenges” of his tombs, matching his charisma。
China's traditional archaeology has been characterized by a lack of effective communication with the outside world, and even in the context of cao cao gao's century debate, archaeologists have made the claim that “unprofessionals cannot question” and have been strongly opposed, including by the vice-president of the national college of the people's university of china, yuan zhixi, who believes that archaeology is not only a professional issue, but also involves common academic norms that apply to any field of study. This also requires that experts and parts of the public concerned, when making information available to the public, must be comprehensive and serious, in particular with regard to archaeological findings, avoid academic impatience and be confirmed as conclusive by multiple tests before they can be published。
British archaeologist trigg believes that if archaeological material is used as a propaganda tool to serve politics and society, the results will be detrimental and unhelpful to us. In particular, the commercial value of cao cao's mausoleum has been estimated by scholars as generating at least $420 million in local income per year. Z. This has led to a campaign for celebrity effects among local governments。
As a result of the foregoing, it is clear to us that in today's rapidly changing society, the academic norms of archaeology in china have a direct impact on the development of disciplines and are of great importance for the image of archaeology in the public eye. Every archaeologist and researcher has the duty to preserve their academic norms, thereby contributing to the healthy and rapid development of archaeology in china. It is true that during the course of archaeological research, ethics are the academic ethics of archaeological researchers, and we reject any form of academic copying and academic misconduct, while respecting different academic ideas, actively pursuing healthy academic contests and not placing any utilitarian colours on academic research. In the process of writing archaeological articles, it is first necessary to be faithful to the original materials, to quote first-hand materials, such as archaeological reports and bulletins, and to avoid unnecessary errors and disputes resulting from diversion。
Comment
1 zhang jong-bae. Selected issues in geology and typology. Cultural objects, 1983 (5).
2 zhang kyinghua: overview of the 20th century scrutinizing colloquium. Chinese cultural research, 1999 (spring of spring).
3 chen sun. Surgical, archaeological and historical reconstruction. Wen shige, 2006(6).
5 interview with professor lothar von falkenhaussen, editor, archaeology and antiquities, 2012 (1).
6 national antiquities authority. Regulations for work on field archaeology. Beijing: antiquities press, 2009.
