Earth: 1. Generality of earth:
Motivation characteristics of the eight planets: homogeneity, near circle, co-existence
Structural characteristics can be classified as: earth-like planets, giants, distant planets
2. The special nature of the earth: existence of life
Cosmic environment: small and large planets that walk their own paths, do not interfere with each other, are in a safe cosmic environment, and solar light is stable
Self-conditions: moderate distance from day to day, suitable temperature on the surface, liquid water energy: moderate volume and mass form the atmosphere surrounding the earth, moderate rotation cycles, low daily and seasonal variations in the temperature of the earth's surface, and biodevelopment。
2. Summary of knowledge points required in the subject of senior geography
Water cycle 1, chain: evaporation (including evaporation of plants), precipitation, vapour transport, surface runoff, subsurface seepage, underground runoff。
Type: large inter-terrestrial, intra-sea, intra-land
3 meaning: shaping surface patterns; facilitating physical transport, energy exchange; maintaining a dynamic global water balance; and promoting the upgrading and supplementation of freshwater resources on land。
Impact of human activities on the water cycle:
One of the most significant human impacts is surface runoff, such as the construction of reservoirs, trans-basin water diversions, etc。
Afforestation, protection of wetlands: serving as a source of water, increasing down seepage, reducing surface run-off and reducing flooding;
It also increases evaporation, increases precipitation and regulates the climate。
3 lake-building fields: resulting in reduced flood capacity of lakes; weakening of the effect of lakes on climate regulation in surrounding areas。
4 urban road hardening: reduced down seepage, reduced underground runoff, increased surface runoff, resulting in urban flooding。
5. Inadequate water use: over-water irrigation in the upper part of the river can lead to reduced or even loss of downstream water。
3. Summary of knowledge points required in the subject of top 1 geography
Factors affecting temperature (1) latitude (determinants): how much solar radiation is received, affecting the size of the midday solar altitude, the duration of the day, etc。
Low latitude, high temperature; high latitude, low temperature。
(2) topography (altitude, terrain):
High altitude, low temperature; low altitude, high temperature. The temperature of the slope is high and the temperature of the slope is low。
The terrain of the basin is not easily dispersible and the temperature is high. The high mountains block the winter winds with high temperatures。
Backwind slope, wind effect, high temperature。
(3) sea and land position:
The more oceany the closer to the sea, the cooler the summer, the warmer the winter and the lower the year, compared to the land at latitude;
Deep inland, distant from the sea, continentally strong, hot summers, cold winters and poor annual temperatures compared to those at latitudes。
(4) currents: warmer and more humid; cooler and less humid。
4. Summary of a knowledge point for the subject of senior geography
Atmospheric level motion - wind 1. Wind direction determination:
First, the direction of the horizontal pressure gradient is clearly defined; second, the direction of the horizontal pressure gradient (vertically equal to the line of pressure, direction from high pressure to low pressure); after the determination of the northern and southern hemisphere, the direction of the wind is drawn (north-right south-left, near-ground wind is tilted 300-450, high-air wind is tilted 900); and the direction of the wind is read (wind direction)。
Wind: in the same pressure scenario, the more intense the plasma, the greater the horizontal pressure gradient, the stronger the wind。
3. Interpretation of weather conditions: low-pressure centres and low-pressure cell-controlled areas with heavy rain weather; high-pressure centres and high-pressure ridge-controlled areas with high-close weather。
Most of the front is in the low-pressure slot, and whether in the northern or southern hemisphere, it must be cold and right。
4. The judgement season: low pressure on the mainland, which indicates higher temperatures on the land than on the sea, is summer (july in the northern hemisphere and january in the southern hemisphere);
High pressure on the continent suggests that the temperature of the land is lower than that of the sea, which is winter (january in the northern hemisphere, july in the southern hemisphere).
5. Summary of a knowledge point for the subject of top 1 geography
Thermal circulation (i) formation of thermal circulation
1. Thermal circulation, which is the simplest form of atmospheric movement, is due to the unevenness of the temperature of the surface。
2. Process of formation: thermal variability on the ground causes vertical movements in the atmosphere, resulting in air pressure differentials at the same level, leading to atmospheric horizontal movements and formation of heat circulation。
3. Two directions: vertical direction (relative to cold heat, heat rises and cools down); horizontal direction (relative to air pressure differences, from high pressure to low pressure)。
4. Conveyment of the condensed surface: up at the same height, the pressure is high, the pressure is upward; the pressure is low, the pressure is downward。
(ii) common heat circulation forms
1. Surface, land and sea winds: differences in the nature of the heat from land and sea are prerequisites and key. During the day, the land gets warmer, the air pressure is low, the wind blows from the ocean to the land, forming sea wind; at night, the land cools, the air pressure is high, and the wind blows from the land to the sea, forming the land wind。
2. Valley winds: thermal changes on mountain slopes are key. The peaks of the mountains are warmer during the day, and the currents rise to form a valley wind; at night, the tops are warm and the air is sunk to form a mountain wind。
3. Urban wind: the urban hot island effect is key。
6. Summary of knowledge points required for the subject of top 1 geography
The change in the length of day and night
On the first spring day (21 march), the autumn day (23 september), the sun was shot directly at the equator, with day and night splits across the globe。
2 summer to day (22 june), when the sun was projected at 23. 5°n, the global distribution of day and night was characterized by:
(a) extreme day in the arctic and north of it; extreme night in the antarctic and south of it; from the arctic to the antarctic, the day is gradually becoming shorter and longer; the longest day is shorter in the northern hemisphere; the shortest night in the southern hemisphere; and the longest day is longest in the equator。
3 winter to day (22 december), when the sun is projected at 23. 5°s, the distribution of the length of day and night around the world is characterized by:
(b) the extremes of the arctic and its north; the extremes of the antarctic and its south; from the arctic to the antarctic, the day is gradually longer and shorter; the longest night in the southern hemisphere is the shortest; the shortest night in the northern hemisphere; and the longest night in the equator is long。
4 equator is divided day and night forever。
2. Seasonal patterns of day and night duration:
1 the sun is directed to the northern hemisphere, where the day is shorter and the longer the north, the shorter the day is;
In the southern hemisphere, where the sun is directed, the day and night are short and the longer the south, the shorter the day and the shorter the night。
2 when the direct point of the sun moves north, the northern hemisphere is longer by day and shorter by night, while the southern hemisphere is shorter by day and by night。
3. Change in the length of day and night: between the equator and the polar circle, the higher the latitude, the greater the variation in the length of day and night。
4 the sun's direct point position corresponds to sunrise, sunset
The direct point of the sun is in the northern hemisphere, with sunrise north-east and sunset north-west; in the southern hemisphere, with sunrise south-east and sunset south-west; and in the equator, with sunrise east and sunset west。
5. Calculation of the length of day and night:
General calculation: calculated on the basis of the proportion of day arcs or night arcs or on the basis of sunrise, sunset time。
Normal calculation: the length of the day is equal across the same latitude; the length of the day at a certain degree of latitude in the northern hemisphere = the length of the night at the same degree of latitude in the southern hemisphere。
7. Summary of knowledge points for the subject of top 1 geography
At midday the solar altitude is the norm
From the latitude at which the direct point of the sun is located, it is decreasing to the north and south, and the closer it is to the straight latitude, the greater the altitude of the sun at noon。
The first spring and autumn break is declining from the equator to the north and south。
2 from summer to day, the northern line of return is decreasing from both north and south。
Three winters to day from the southern regression line to the north and south
2. Time patterns at midday solar altitude:
(1) solar altitude changes by day: when the solar altitude of a given place reaches the median of one day, it is 12 hours。
(2) yearly change in midday solar altitude: when the point of direct solar activity moves to the latitude of a place, the height of the sun increases and the removal decreases。
1 summer to day: the northern regression line and its north are at midday sun heights of up to one year, and the southern hemisphere is at its smallest。
2 winter-day: the southern line of return and its south are at midday sun heights of up to one year, and the northern hemisphere is at its smallest。
Between the north-south regression line, there are two direct solar radiations per year, and on the north-south regression line, there are one direct solar radiations per year, with a midday solar altitude of 90 degrees above the direct solar return line。
3. The calculation of the midday solar altitude
Formula: h = 90°-two point latitude difference (two points refer to the location sought and the direct point of the sun)
The two-point latitude differential is calculated on the basis of the principle of “synthesis plus”, i. E., two points in the northern hemisphere, with a large reduction in latitude; two points are in different hemispheres and the latitude is two points apart。
4. Application of midday solar altitude
1 when the location is determined: when the solar height reaches the median of one day, the sun is the shortest at 1200 hours。
2. Determination of the direction of the house: in the area north of the line of return north, the midday sun is in the south and the house is heading south;
In the area south of the southern line of return, the midday sun is in the north and the house is northward。
The larger the sun's height in midday, the shorter the sun's shadow, the smaller the sun's height in midday, the longer the sun's shadow grows, and the sun's shadow turns towards the sun。
4. Inclination adjustment of solar water heaters: the collector panels overlap with the angles of the ground and the angles of the sun height at noon。
8. Summary of knowledge points required in the subject of senior geography
And the interpretation of the morning ray and the application of the first and the interpretation of the morning ray: the light follows in the direction of the turn, from day to night, and from night to day。
2. Main features of the morning faint line:
(1) the dawn line divides the earth, a large circle of peripheries。
(2) the solar altitude on the morning dusk is ;
(3) the plane at which the morning light is located is vertically to the solar light;
(4) the mid-morning line merges with the rims into spring (on 21 march) or autumn (23 september); and with the rims, between summer and winter。
Summer to (22 june) judgement: extreme day or extreme night in the arctic circle and north of it or south of the antarctic circle;
Winter to december 22: extremes of the arctic and its north or extremes of the antarctic and its south。
(5) the morning line and the equator are located at 6 a. M. And the faint line at 18 a. M。
9. Summary of knowledge points for the subject of top 1 geography
1. Basis of judgement: first step, the northern and southern hemispheres are judged by the coldest and hottest months
If the coldest month is january and the hottest month is july, the site is in the northern hemisphere;
If the coldest month is july, the hottest month is january, it's in the southern hemisphere
Step two, determine the temperature range for the coldest month, i. E. > 15
Third step, determine the type of seasonal distribution of precipitation, annual rain type (>)
2. Location:
Latitude position: around 10 degrees north-south
Land and sea locations: mainly in the congo basin in africa, the amazon basin in south america, the asian indonesian islands, etc。
3. Climate characteristics (characteristics): frequent high temperatures and rainfall。
Climatic causes: controlled throughout the year by the equatorial low-pressure belts, high air currents and many weather-relations。
5. Natural land belts formed under these climatic conditions: tropical rainforests and..
Type of vegetation distributed under this climate: tropical rainforest
Typical animals distributed under these climatic conditions: apes, hippos
Typical soil formation under this climatic condition: brick and red frontier
10. Summary of knowledge points required in the subject of top 1 geography
1. Temperature of longitude: the number to the east is increased to the east and the number to the west to the west. 2. Temperature of latitude: the number north is increased to north latitude and the number south to south latitude。
3. The shape and length of the latitude line: a parallel circle, with the equator being the longest parallel circle, gradually reducing to the polar level。
4. Shape and length of longitude of longitudes: all longitudes are half a circle to the southern arctic point and equal length。
5. East and west: the east and the west are the less。
6. Determination of north-south latitude: degrees increased north to north latitude and south to south latitude。
7. Hemispheric division: 20°w east to 160°e east and 20°w west to 160°e west。
8. East-west direction: the law of the bad arc (e. G. 80° east, 1° east, 170° west)
9. Scale size and scale: the larger the scale, the smaller the range, the larger the range。
The direction above the map is defined as follows: in general, “up-north-south, left-west, right-east”; a map pointing towards the mark, pointing to the north with the arrow pointing at the mark; through the map of the network of latitudes, the line indicating the north-south direction and the parallels indicating the east-west direction。
11. Consorption of the equivalence line: the more the medium height of the same map becomes dense, the more steep the slope; the more the pressure line becomes, the greater the wind power; and the more the temperature line gets, the greater the temperature difference
12. The contours and topography of the contours are the valleys and the ridges。
13. The contours of the contours are the river: the contours are the opposite。
14. The condensation and currents of the thermolines: the condensation points in the same direction as the current flows。
