Overview
Information technology (english: information technology, an abbreviation: it) also known as information and communications technology, is the sum of technologies used to manage and process information, mainly using computer science and communication technologies to design, develop, install and deploy information systems and applications. Depending on how information is stored and processed, it development can be divided into several different stages: pre-mechanical period (3,000 bc – 1450 ad), mechanical period (1450-1840), mechanical period (1840-1940) and electronic period (1940 – current time). It focuses on information technology for the electronic period since 1940。
In the commercial sphere, the american information technology association (ita) defines information technology as “the research, design, development, application, realization, maintenance or application of computer-based information systems”. Related tasks in this area include network management, software development and installation, planning and management of the it life cycle within the organization, including maintenance, upgrading and upgrading of software and hardware。
The term it first appeared in the harvard business review 1958, an article written by harold j. Leavitt and thomas l. Whisler, which states that “there is no single name for this new technology, which we should call information technology”。
Information technology is the total range of technologies used primarily to manage and process information
Information technology research includes disciplines such as science, technology, engineering and management, applications in information management, transmission and processing, associated software and equipment and their interactions。
Information technology applications include computer hardware and software, network and communications technology, and application software development tools. Computers are increasingly used to produce, process, exchange and disseminate information in all its forms (e. G. Books, commercial documents, newspapers, records, films, television programmes, voice, graphics, images, etc.) since the spread of computers and the internet。
The main feature of information technology is technology in general - technology. Information technology has characteristics different from other technologies — information. Technical classification
Information technology can be divided into:
Information technology can be divided into:
In daily usage, information technology is divided into:
Information technology systems may be divided into:
Social function data storage
Early computers, such as the colossus computer, use piercing paper to bring storage information. This is a long stripe, with a series of poignant data, a technology that is long out of date. The data storage medium used by modern computers dates back to the second world war, when it was a delayed-line storage device made of mercury, developed to remove background impurities of radar, but only in sequence. The first randomly accessible digital storage device is based on a standard cathode-ray tube for williams tubes, but the information stored in it is volatile, which must be regularly refreshed (refresh) and the electricity will be lost if the data is interrupted. The earliest non-receivable storage was the magnetic drum invented in 1932 and used in freddie 1, the world's first commercially available generic computer。
Ibm launched its first hard drive in 1956 as a component of its ibm 305 ramac computer system. Most of the data today is stored in hard drives or optical media such as cd-rom. Until 2002, most of the information remained in analogue equipment (english: analog device), but digital equipment capacity exceeded analogue for the first time in that year. As of 2007, nearly 94 per cent of the data stored globally were digital: 52 per cent for hard drives, 28 per cent for optical equipment and 11 per cent for digital tapes. It is estimated that the global storage capacity for electronic equipment information has increased from less than 3 eb in 1986 to 295 eb in 2007, approximately doubling every 3 years。
Database
The database management system emerged in the 1960s to accurately and quickly access and retrieve a large amount of data. One of the earliest such systems was the ibm information management system (ims), which remained extensive over 50 years later. The ims store data in a hierarchical manner, but in the 1970s edgar cod proposed another relationship storage model based on aggregate theory, terminological logic and similar concepts in tables, rows and columns, the first commercial relationship database management system (rdbms) developed by oracle in 1980。
The database management system includes numerous components that allow multiple users to access them while maintaining data integrity. One of the characteristics of all databases is that their data structure in the database model is defined and stored separately from the data itself。
Xml has become a common data format in recent years. While xml can be stored in ordinary document systems, it is usually stored in the form of a relationship database to take advantage of its “competence, which has taken years of theoretical and practical proof”. With the evolution of sgml, the advantages of xml based on text structure are reflected in machine and human readability。
Data retrieval
The concept of a connected database introduces a structured search language (sql) unrelated to the programme language and is based on the relationship algebra。
Data and information have different connotations. As long as it is stored, it can be called data, but only information is presented in an organized and meaningful manner. Most of the world's data are not structured and stored in different physical media. The data warehouse began to emerge in the 1980s with the aim of integrating data from these different sources. It typically includes data from different sources, including external databases (e. G., the internet), which are then organized for systems such as decision support systems。
Data transfer
There are three different dimensions to data transmission: sending, disseminating and receiving. A broad distinction can be drawn between broadcasting, which is a one-way transmission of information, and telecommunications, which is a two-way transmission of information。
Since the early 2000s, an increasing number of applications of xml for data interchange media, especially machine interactions such as those used in web-oriented communication protocols (like soap), have described “data in dispatch ... Rather than static data”. One challenge to this use is to convert the data from a connected database to the structure of the document object model (dom)。
Data processing
Hilbert and lopez found exponential growth (i. E., moore's law) as a result of changes in data technology. Between 1986 and 2007, the average volume of specialized machine data processing per person doubled every 14 months, the average volume of general computer data processing per person doubled every 18 months, the average total telecommunications per person doubled every 34 months, the average data storage per person doubled every 40 months and the average broadcast data per person doubled every 12. 3 years。
The world produces a large amount of data on a daily basis, although if it is not analysed and presented in an effective manner, the data is essentially like a “data grave”. "data storage rarely used". For this purpose, data mining emerged in the late 1980s with the concept of finding interesting patterns and knowledge from a wealth of data。
Views of the parties
Academic views
In academic terms, the computer association defines information technology as “the university curriculum for the development of students who meet the needs of business, government, medical, school and other organizations in computer technology. The it commissioner is required to select hardware and software suitable for the organization, to combine these products and organizational needs and infrastructure, to install applications for computer users in the organization, and to customize and maintain them”
Business perspective
At the commercial level, the american information technology association (ait) (defined it as “research, design, development, application, realization, support or management of computer-based information systems”. The duties of the staff in this area are network management, software development and installation, planning and managing the technical life cycle of the organization, that is, which hardware and software need to be maintained, installed or replaced。
The commercial value of information technology is to automate business processes, provide information needed for decision-making, connect enterprises and their clients, and provide productive tools to improve efficiency。
Ethical perspective
The concept of information ethics was created by mathematician norbert weiner in the 1940s. The following information technology-related elements:
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In enterprises, schools and other organizations, the it architecture is designed to achieve strategic objectives, while adopting and developing an integrated it architecture. It includes managerial and technical components. Its management components include mission, functional and information needs, system configuration, and information processes; the technical components include information technology standards, rules, etc. For achieving the management system structure. As computers are central to information management, the computer sector is commonly referred to as the “information technology sector”. Some companies refer to this sector as “information services” (is) or “management information services” (mis). Others have opted to outsource the it sector in order to achieve better benefits。
