Hello, i'm chen moe, a clinical pharmacist who wants to put all his pharmacological knowledge in it。
In earlier tweets, the gold pharmacist gave us detailed information from the perspective of the professional sciences, and today, the mini-author introduced painkillers from the perspective of the popular sciences。
Believe in painkillers, you're no stranger, after all, in a lifetime, you've never said "a pain" before. The flu causes headaches, excessive exercise causes muscle arthritis, an old man's back, a female's physiology can be “breathaches” and cancer pains are later accompanied by tumour patients.” when pain comes, painkillers are used。
The use of painkillers is also inevitable in everyday life. But with so many painkillers, can you really use it? I'll give you a detailed account of what you might like to know about painkillers。
Classification of painkillers
The painkillers currently used are generally classified into the following two categories:
Antithermal, pain-resistant anti-inflammatory drugs: they have thermal agonizing effects, many of which are also anti-inflammation and anti-ruin. Although they are resistant to inflammation and rheumatism, they are not chemically identical to adrenal cortex hormones and are therefore referred to as non-pregnant anti-inflammation drugs. These include broven, sodium bichlorfonate, aspirin, sieve, zeroscone, etc. For acetaminophenol, also known as pyromalytic pain, although less resistant to inflammation, it still belongs to this category。
Anaesthesia analgesics: limited to short-term use of acute and severe pain or advanced carcinogenic pain, which is a special controlled drug under the state. This type of analgesics primarily acts on the central nervous system. Most of the anaesthetic analgesics are opioid bioalkalis, such as morphine and codeine, and some are of the same kind as artificial and finished products, such as diatoms, methadone and squirting zoloxin。
Are painkillers addictive
Many people are afraid to take painkillers when they have physical pain and choose to endure them because they are afraid of addiction. Actually, different types of painkillers are addictive。
Among the above-mentioned painkillers, addiction is an anaesthesia analgesics, which can be used on a continuous basis, which is a prescription drug and is subject to strict control in accordance with the relevant state regulations, and which, although addictive, is used under the professional guidance of a doctor and does not generally occur. The most common and commonly used painkillers on the market, however, are mainly anti-inflammatory and mostly non-prescription drugs, which are generally not addictive。
The following is a description of non-inflammatory drugs that are common and common to the general population。
The pharmacological effects of non-polytic anti-inflammatory drugs
Inflammatory drugs of the non-accumulative type have the effect of defusing the fever, inflammation and pain. Its effect is to reduce the synthesis of prostates in local tissues by inhibiting the bioactivity of the epoxy enzymes (cox) during the metabolic metabolic process of peanut tetraolecate. Prostate is an important substance in pain, fever, etc. Inflammation, deflammation, pain, etc. Are performed by reducing the synthesis of prostates。
Cox has two types of co-working enzymes:
Among them, cox-1 is mainly distributed among organisations such as blood vessels, stomachs and blood panels, and is involved in angiogenesis, gastric mucous film protection, blood plate collection, etc.
Cox-2 is mainly present in the damage area, and various impairment irritations induce the expression of cox-2 and are involved in the formation of inflammatory media。
It is popularly said that cox-1 works well, does business, and cox-2 does damage。
The analgesic effects of non-polymeric anti-inflammatory drugs depend mainly on their inhibition of cox-2, while the adverse effects are mainly due to their inhibition of cox-1。
When do you need painkillers
In the case of pain, many respond by “getting past” — for example, when women have severe physiology and are afraid to use painkillers easily. In fact, in drug use, we usually follow the principle that if the advantage is greater than the disadvantage, the drug is recommended, and vice versa。
Painkillers can save us from pain when it affects our daily lives。
Brophen and accp
In everyday life, painkillers are used for mild and moderate pains, headaches, nervous pains, tooth pains, joint pains and muscle pains. The two most commonly used painkillers, brophen and accp, are described here for most pain, safety and effectiveness, and for special groups such as children and mothers。
Broven is a typical aphrodisiac anti-inflammatory drug with a short half-life of about 2 hours; acetaminophenol is an acetamide analgesic, also known as porcelain pain, and unlike broven, it has little resistance to inflammation. The half-life is 1-4 hours, with an average of about 2 hours. Both have a wide range of formulations for clinical use: mixed fluid, chewing chip, common tablets, slow release tablets, external formulations, etc., which can be reasonably selected to fit their own characteristics, such as for children with mixed fluids, and for muscle soft tissue pains。
Exterior painkillers
By changing the way in which they are used, the non-inflammatory anti-inflammation drugs, while not reducing their pain relief effects, can also reduce systemic exposure to drugs and increase the safety of non-inflammatory anti-inflammation drugs, which is a good option for acute and chronic pain caused by the musculoskeletal system。
The following are commonly used: pesetas, sodium bichlorfonate emulsions, losprofens, etc。
Negative
Non-prescription anti-inflammatory drugs are mostly non-prescribed, clinical applications are relatively safe, and lower moderate gastrointestinal discomfort is more common, with digestive ulcers and haemorrhages, liver and kidney impairments, ringing, etc. Care is therefore needed to detect symptoms such as nausea, constipation and periodic check-ups of liver and kidney function during medications, which require timely consultation in case of abnormality。
The painkiller uses a little sticker
1. Painkillers take time to function
In the case of pain, for example, the anti-inflammatory medicine of the aphrodisiac can relieve pain by inhibiting prostates. Many people feel that painkillers are still ineffective, which is likely to be late. It usually takes half an hour for the painkiller to be performed by broven or by oral administration of acetaminophenol, and the painkillers are not effective for excreted prostate. Thus, it is suggested that painkillers can be administered at the beginning of pain or abdominal pain, rather than when the pain is unbearable, which may not be the case。
“scandboard effect” of non-polymeric anti-inflammation drugs
Non-polythic anti-inflammatory drugs are not addictive, but there is a “ceiling effect”, i. E. An increase in the dose after reaching a certain dose does not increase the painkilling effect, but rather the toxic side effects. In the case of brophen and accp:
Brophen: 400 mg is generally administered every 4-6 hours, up to a maximum of 2,400 mg for chronic pain and up to 3,200 mg for acute pain within 24 hours
For acetylaminophenol: 325 ~650 mg/ 4-6 hours, or 1000 mg/ 6 hours, but up to 3,000 mg/hour in 24 hours, the dose needs to be reduced appropriately in special populations. The total daily dose does not exceed 2000 mg for the elderly, persons at risk of hepatotoxicity (e. G. Frequent alcohol consumption, malnutrition) or with organ dysfunction。
3. Joint drug use requires attention
Some drugs contain elements of analgesics and need to be noted at the time of selection whether they exceed the daily limit to avoid aggravating adverse effects. At present, most of the cold drugs on the market contain components of antithermal analgesics, such as acetylaminophenol, which includes many chinese preparations。
4. Painkillers for sea fishing, no safety
It's now a fishing and substitute. But many of the painkillers are not safe. Eve painkillers, for example, which used to be very hot, consist of: brophene, oxypropyl acetylene, magnesium oxide and waterless caffeine, whereas the main painkillers are brophens, and oxypropylazyl. Since it can lead to reduced octopus, which has already been banned in most countries, the drugs used for fishing are not necessarily better than the painkillers available in the country, but rather contain elements with unclear information。
