Author, maytown
While there has been remarkable progress in brain function research, there is little in-depth knowledge of the superior function of the brain (the cognitive function of the brain). Pavlov's conditional reflection doctrine, which has so far not been recognized and studied in terms of the cognitive function of the brain, is necessary and relevant。
It has been over a century since 1903 when i. P. Pavlov, 1849-1936, discovered the reflection of conditions and created the doctrine of condition reflection, and i have been doing research on the behaviour of condition reflection for more than half a century. Over the course of this century, studies on brain function, although impressive, have been able to shed light on certain activities of brain cells at molecular levels, as well as significant breakthroughs in connection with brain cell connections and neural circuits, yet there is a lack of understanding of advanced brain functions, or their cognitive functions。
Although there has been much publicity for the conditionalities of pavlov in the early days of the new china’s establishment, and soundproofing rooms have been set up throughout the country to study the conditionalities, there are not many laboratories for real in-depth study of the conditionalities, and it is even less likely that they can be sustained in the long term。
The reflection of conditions is a typical joint learning model, but the study of brain mechanisms for learning and memory is not well carried out in our country. Some neurophysicists in my country even believe that the reflection of the conditions proposed by pavlov is merely an experimental method with little impact on neurophysiology and brain research. At the same time, i note that in some of the physiology and psychology textbooks followed in my country, including in the relevant chapters that i myself have written, it has not been possible to describe pavlov's conditional reflections in terms of historical development and the cognitive function of the brain. Today, when brain research is vigorously promoted, i think it is necessary and relevant to rethink and re-aware the pavlov resonance doctrine。
Establishment of conditional reflections
It should be said that pavlov's reflection theory of conditions has far-reaching effects on neurophysiology, which leads people across the boundaries of traditional neurophysiology into the field of psychopsychology, into the cognitive function of the brain, i. E. The advanced function of the brain. Pavlov's pioneering and productive exploration of how to study the cognitive function of the brain. It was pavlov who first introduced the concept of advanced neuroactivity. Previously, neurophysiology had failed to justify the experimental basis for changing behaviour as a result of experience, while pavlov carried out an objective experimental study of this so-called “psychological activity” (i. E., brain activity) using the concept of neurophysiological reflection and created a conditional reflection doctrine on the basis of numerous experiments. The introduction of the conditional reflex theory has made it possible to conduct experimental studies of brain cognitive functions (especially learning and memory functions) and has opened a new and vast space for brain research, which has contributed significantly to the development of psychology, especially behavioural psychology。
The study of the brain, although it has been for centuries, has so far been a mystery for us. The mystery of the brain is the eternal dream of brain scientists, and how to further brain research is the first question that we think about。
Pavlov began to study digestive physiology and made significant contributions in this regard. On the basis of his important contribution to digestive physiology, he was awarded the first nobel prize in physiology or medicine. In his study of digestive gland, he found that the digestive gland was not only controlled by the nervous system, but also related to so-called psychological activity. Not only is saliva due to food entering the mouth, but bells often appear with food can cause saliva, and when you have a plum image in your head, you feel saliva spilling. Pavlov believes that this saliva-related activity is also a reflection of the brain and a special reflection. He described this reflection as a conditional reflection, that is, a reflection that is built under certain conditions and that can be receded under certain conditions. When the reflexes were discovered, pavlov was so excited that he realized that this was an extremely important discovery. Because it has crossed the realm of traditional physiology into the superior function of the brain, the cognitive function of the brain. So pavlov focused all his work on the reflection of conditions. Over the last 30 years of his life, he had carried out systematic research on the reflection of conditions, working in conjunction with clinical practice, looking to clarify the pattern of activity of advanced brain functions and the symptoms of certain neuropsychiatric disorders, and had proposed scientific scenarios for advanced human brain functions, such as two signal systems, neurodoctic doctrines, etc. He summarized the studies on the reflection of conditions in two classic works, namely, " bi-hemispheric functional instruction of the brain " and " twenty years of experience in objective research into animal advanced neuroactivity (behaviour). In particular, the rapid translation of the previous book into multiple languages has attracted widespread interest in academia. The integration of clinical practice was mainly summarized in several volumes of the album pavlov wednesday。
Systematic study of mechanisms for reflection of conditions
The reflection of conditions was found to be the most important research in pavlov's academic career, even more than the results of his earlier nobel prize-winning digestive physiology study. Pavlov and the famous neurologist s. R. Cajal, 1852... 1934) is the same generation, when the neuron doctrine was established in kahar. That is to say, people have just begun to know that there was not a direct connection between the neurons, and that there was a special structure between them that could be transmitted to the next neurons by the signal of the first neurons of the structure, which was later referred to as a “touch”. At that time, however, the study of synapses was still in its infancy and little was known about it. Another famous neurophysiologist later than bavlov is c. Sherrington, 1857-- he made an important contribution to the pattern of spinal resonance, but did not address the superior function of the brain. This is the historical context in which pavlov discovered the reflection of conditions and conducted a comprehensive study of the reflection of conditions. He carried out a systematic and in-depth study of the formation of conditions and detailed analytical studies of the time-series requirements between conditions and non-conditional incentives, requirements for the state of the animal body, what drivers could be used as conditions, and what could be used as enhanced incentives. The importance of the reflection of conditions as an important experimental model for research behaviour, especially for learning and memory, has subsequently become widely applied and has also contributed to the formation and development of behavioural psychology。
As for the neuromechanical mechanism of conditional reflection, pavlov had proposed the concept of “temporary connection” and had concluded that the connection should occur between the conditional and non-conditional stimulation hubs of the cortex of the brain. Pavlov's disciples, such as m. Acpatyan, a member of the academy of sciences of the soviet union, tried to explain that “temporary connections” took place in the cortex of the brain by surgically removing the whole of the animal's cortex. Later, it was further elaborated that the condition reflection was a temporary link between the centers of the cortex of the brain by cutting off only the middle of the cortex. For example, professor m. M. Khananashvili has explored the subject and has been named a member of the academy of sciences of the ussr, mainly on the basis of the results of the study. It is clear, however, that since behavioral experimental research requires animals to be in a state of complete soberness and normal physical functioning, and animals after brain cortex surgery are not compatible with behavioral experimental research, the results obtained are not ipso facto accepted by academia。
In the 1960s, we designed a microconductor installed in different parts of the animal skull through which neuroactive substances were brought to different parts of the central nervous system. For example, the cortical perception hub, through which the inhibition-transmitting gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) is used to partially irritate the condition, temporarily eliminates the reflection of the condition that has been established and, if imposed on the non-conditional irritation hub, leads to the temporary disappearance of all the reflections associated with the centre. The experiment was first carried out on a family rabbit, and the animals were completely free to move, and the results were published in chinese science in russian. A detailed laboratory analysis was performed on the dog. Our experimental results have proved successfully that, in higher animals, the temporary link of the reflection of conditions is between the sense of the brain cortex and the center of motion. As for the synaptic mechanism of temporary contact, pavlov was not and could not have been involved. After many years, after research by j. C. Eccles on the post-touch level, the post-touching level (epsp) and the inhibiting synaptic level (ipsp) were found, as well as later the discovery of excretion and inhibitive neurotransmitters. In the second half of the nineteenth century, there was a study of the phenomenon of long-range, long-range (ltp) transmission of synapses. These have made it possible for e. R. Kandel to successfully articulate the neuromechanical mechanisms that shape the learning model of conditional reflection on low-level animal rabbits. As for pavlov's attempt to study the pace of brain cortex excitement and inhibition by using behavioural changes in condition reflection, the expected results were not achieved. The excitement and inhibition of neurons in modern neurobiology have been made quite clear, both from the electrophysic point of view and from the point of view of neurotransmitters。
The behavioral study of condition reflection continues
It's an important means of exposing superior brain function
Now, it is possible to study changes in neurocell connections in cognitive processes, the formation of new synapses, etc. An attempt is being made to map a brain-wide network connection. However, understanding brain function through behavioural change remains an essential and irreplaceable avenue for research. The conditional reflexes created by pavlov remain an important tool for studying behavioural change. So far, we are almost helpless with alzheimer's disease, a degenerative disease of brain cells, and we know that the number of brain cells in patients has decreased, that there are α-thin samples of protein forming in gaps between brain cells and that there are changes in tau-protein in cells. The memory function of patients is significantly diminished and changes in cognitive functions are more complex. However, the relationship between these phenomena is not yet clear, and the number of brain cells of normal older persons is also decreasing and there are spots formed. Single cloned antibodies using alpha-thin protein do not improve cognitive functions and cannot be used effectively to treat alzheimer's disease。
In recent years, much progress has been made in visual studies, but they need to be combined with cognitive functions and behavioural changes. When studying human brain diseases, especially those related to cognitive functions, one considers monkeys to be the closest to evolution. In fact, it is important that we have a good understanding of the cognitive function and behaviour of the monkeys, otherwise it will not be possible to construct it as the ideal experimental model of alzheimer's disease. On the other hand, the brain has a strong plasticity, and its cognitive function and behaviour are influenced by both congenital genes and the environment, education, etc. In the 1990s, we conducted behavioural studies using genetically modified mice whose brain function was impaired by the gaba system. As a result of the decrease in inhibitive neurotransmitters, the cognition function of these mice and the increased sensitivity to the acid-induced epilepsy are expected. Surprisingly, we also found obese genetically modified mice and abnormalities in the reproductive organs of these genetically modified mice. This suggests that not only is the influence of the congenital factor on the cognitive function and behaviour of the brain complex, but also the regulation of organisms by congenital genes with certain uncertainties。
The human brain should be the most complex organ of life on earth, and how to study it is an issue that every brain scientist must think about. The mystery can be revealed from different angles, methods and techniques, but one thing that must be upheld is that of materialism. Pavlov's conditional retroreflection doctrine is one that adheres to materialism and describes the so-called psychological activity with objective behavioural changes, which should be the most important inspiration for future generations。
(the author of this paper was a neurobiologist, former director of the shanghai institute of physiology of the chinese academy of sciences, who has long been engaged in research on advanced brain functions
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Keyword: pavlov, condition reflection, cognitive function, behavioral study
