I. Young children's physical development
The physical development of young children is carried out in a predictable sequence and is more strictly constrained by the question. Physical development refers to the evolution of tissues, organ structures and functions from simplicity to complexity, from lower to higher levels。
(i) physical development patterns of young children
The growth pattern of young children is the general pattern of most normal young children in the process of growth and development. 1. Physical development of young children as a continuum and a continuum
Young child development, from childhood to maturity, is a continuous process, not an intermittent and leapfrogging process. In this continuous process ... In order to facilitate research and health care, it can be divided into several stages, which are interconnected ... The first stage is the basis for the development of the latter, the continuation of the development of the previous stage, which, if there is a problem with the previous phase, affects the development of the latter: if the development of the movement of a baby is a continuous process, the civics summed up as "two lifts and four turns and six sits and seven rolls and eight climbs." two months up, four months to turn, six months to sit, seven months to roll, eight months to climb and one year to go. Heads up, turns over, sits, rolls, climbs, walks are stages in the continuum of the movement of the baby, and if it is not allowed to exercise during the climb, it is harder for the baby to learn how to walk, and it is easier to fall when walking。
2. The pace of physical development of young children is wave-like
The pace of physical development of young children is flat and not accelerated, but rather slow and fast. Wave-style. There are two peaks in human growth and development. These two peak periods are called surge periods of growth and development. The first surge occurred before the age of two and the second surge occurred during adolescence。
The fastest growth in the mid-term (four to six months) is observed, with an increase of about 275 centimetres in three months, about 55 per cent of the length of the birth, the fastest growing period of life. The most rapid increase in the body weight of the post-pregnancy (7-10 months) is that of 2,300 grams in three months, or 77 per cent of the birth weight, which is the fastest increase in the lifetime. He was born 50 cm long and weighed 3,000 g. At the age of one year, he was about 75 centimetres long. Weight about 9,000 grams. The median length increased by about 25 centimetres a year and the weight increased by about 6,000 grams. It's the fastest growing period after birth. In the second year of life, body length grew by 1 0 cm, body weight increased by 2,500 to 3,500 g, and growth grew faster. After two years of age, the rate of growth and development declined, increasing by 4-5 centimetres per year in height and by 1,500 to 2,000 grams in body weight。
3. Young children's physical development is procedural
There are two patterns in the development of young children aged 0-6, one of first and the other of positive. During the foetal period. The head was the first to develop. At the time of birth, 65 per cent of the headwall had been reached. After birth, the skull continues to develop rapidly, followed by the torso and finally the limbs. This pattern of development from the head to the lower limb is called the first tail. This pattern can also be seen from the motion development program, "sit in four and six, go in seven and eight." formality refers to development from the centre to the margins of the human body; when the baby starts to pick up, it's full of scratches
A finger grabs something, then two fingers, and then a finger gets something. That's the right side of development. From birth to maturity, the growth of human departments follows a pattern of double head growth, triple dry growth and triple upper limb growth. The lower limbs have increased fourfold. As a result of this growth, newborns grow from a huge skull, a long tortoise, and the uneven shape of short limbs becomes smaller
Head, shorter torso, long limbs, more balanced adults。
4. System development is uneven but harmonized
There are four models of growth and development in the various systems of the body, commonly referred to as four. As the basis for the development of the whole system. The development of the nervous system has been leading during and after the birth of the foetus. This is one of the growth patterns. Because the body is less resistant to disease in childhood and the immune cells are less functional, the lymphocyte system, through its own rapid development, provides more lymphocytes ... To compensate for the deficiency of the immune cell function and protect the organism. The lymphomy system gradually retreats to a lower level after the age of 10 with the maturity of the body's organs and the strengthening of the immune system. So the lymphocy system is growing faster in the first few years and then gradually shrinks to adult levels. This is growth mode two. The growth of the general system, including the physical appearance and development of the internal system (respiratory, digestive, urinary, muscular, etc.), has occurred at two peaks, and the trends in height and weight are trends in these systems. This is growth mode three. The development of the reproductive system is meaningless because other systems of the body are not yet mature. So, in early childhood... This system is largely undeveloped... This is growth mode four。
Thus, the development of systems is uneven, but this imbalance is precisely what is required for the coherent development of the body as a whole。
5. Growth and development are individual differences
Although the above pattern of development exists for every child in the process of development, due to genetic and environmental differences, everyone is developing
During childbearing or at the end of development, there are differences in weight, height, intelligence, strength and weakness; none of them are identical。
(ii) characteristics of physical development of young children
The physical development of infants and young children is characterized by:
1. The centre of strength moves downwards with age
The increase in the size of infants and young children is mainly due to the increase in the length of the lower limb. At birth, the body ratio of the baby was not harmonized. The lower limbs are short and the mid-point of the child is above the umbilical cord. As age increases, the growth of the lower limbs accelerates, the mid-point of the length moves down, moving the mid-point to the umbilical at the age of one; moving to the lower abdomen at the age of six; and the mid-point of the adolescent is close to the upper edge of the shambones. The distance between the upper limbs and the upper finger between the upper limbs and the upper limbs is called the finger distance, mainly representing the growth of the upper limbs. Birth is about 48 centimeters away. The growth of the upper limb long bones is similar to that of the length of the body ... The length of the finger is always slightly shorter in life。
2. The order of surrounding development is top-down ... Centre-end。
The perimeter means the length of the line around a part of the body. It usually consists of indicators such as head, chest, waist, hip, etc. However, only the head, bra, waist, etc. Are generally measured in the case of infants and young children. The order in which babies and young children develop is up and down. From the center to the end. The head is first developed, then the torso, upper limb, and finally the lower limb. The length of the foetal is equal to the length of l/2 in two months, and the birth of an infant is about the length of l/4 in the first place and, when it reaches adulthood, only 1/8 in the first place, indicating that the head is the first to grow. The brain is the “command” of the body as a whole, and its maturity directly influences and constrains the growth and development of the body as a whole. Infants and young children develop their hands early and have almost mastered the functions of their hands before they walk. When a baby first learns to climb, it moves forward mainly by hand, and the legs do not yet reconcile with the hand. The child's lower limbs are developed late, mainly after walking straight. The development of the limbs of infants and young children. Both bones, muscles, blood vessels and nerves are carried out in the order of the centre and the end。
3. The development of the organs systems of infants and young children is uneven and varies at a slow pace。
The growth of the organs systems of infants and young children is uneven. Its nervous system matures first: the reproductive system does not accelerate until the end of the child's life. And when their reproductive system matures, that is, sexual maturity, it makes people feel like they're growing up and entering adolescence. The growth of the muscles of children is at two peaks, one after five or six years of age and the other after sexual maturity. The development of the lungs takes place in adolescence. During the months following the birth of the child, the heart size remained essentially the same; at the age of 2 to 3, its weight increased rapidly to three times that of its first birth, and growth slowed later, with puberty increasing ten times more than at birth。
Early childhood development
After birth. It's a process of movement that starts by lying on the bed and then moving, running, jumping, taking east and west by hand. The movement of children is the development of muscles and bones, but it is very closely related to the psychological development of children. Because children, in the course of their activities, come into contact with the surroundings, know the surroundings, generate and develop their psychological activities, and also express their psychological activities. The development of the movement of children was largely completed before the age of three, and then only towards a more precise, organized and evenly coordinated approach. The movement of children up to the age of 3 progresses in a regular sequence。
(i) the pattern of the movement of children
1. Development of the head movement of children
Head moves are the first development of the child and the completion of earlier moves. The order in which the head moves is developed is generally as follows: at birth, the head moves around the right and the right while on the back, and the head rises for a moment while on the back. If you don't have to put your hands on his head, his head will fall down. For a month, the head could still not stand up and the chin could be raised while lying down. For two months, the head can stand up while holding it. Three months, with a straight and steady head. Four months, with a steady head: a head when you're down. Hold it steady. Seven months, you can look up while you're lying down。
2. Development of the physical movement of children
The movement of the body is mainly the movement of flipping and sitting. Two months, strong chest. For three months, he was able to roll from side to side. Four months, can hold it. For five months, he was able to roll from the back to the side. Six months, sitting on a chair with a railing; leaning forward when sitting, holding hands. For seven months, you will be able to roll from the back to the back, and you will be able to sit alone without adult or other support. Ten months, without any effort to start sitting on the head. Two months, you can sit down while you're standing。
3. Development of the walking movement of children
Children move through three stages of climbing, standing and walking. Seven months, trying to climb, relied mainly on the movement of knees and thighs. Eight months, crawling, abdomen, abdomen, abdominal arms, and forwarding with both legs; holding on to stand. Ten months, crawling with hands and knees. Physically, arms and legs move in turn; they can hold things up. Two months, you can walk. 14 months, standing alone. Five months, walking alone. Eighteen months, running rough, easy to fall. At the age of two, he was able to walk, run fast, play football and go upstairs and down. Two and a half years old, able to jump and stand on one foot for a moment (about two seconds). He can hold his feet, walk a few steps, jump off a chair. Three years old, able to stand on one foot: walking on his feet, running smoothly, riding a three-wheeled bike。
4. Development of child capture
The development of gripping action is an important sign of hand movement. The development of gripping action is characterized by the coordination of eye-looking and hand-held action; the dichotomy of five fingers. So, six months after the baby was born, gripping moves began to develop. A baby three months ago, his hands were basically squeezed, his hands and feet were stretching around, four or five months old, and he would reach out and grab what was next to him, but he was always holding a hand and he couldn't hold it. The movement of the hand is highly non-discretionary, and the hand is caught whatever it touches. In six months, the object was squeezed with a single grip, without the use of a thumb, capable of changing it from one hand to the other; for eight months, the thumb was separated from the other four fingers and the thumb was used to hold the object. For 1 0 months, it works in harmony with the eye and puts one thing on the other. For 18 months, two or three things can be stacked together, push toys. Four fingers and thumbs are used at the same time, and gripping moves are fully developed. Two years old, able to read one page by hand. 2. 5 years. The hands are well aligned with the movements of the fingers, which are self-activated and use their fingers to hold chopsticks and pens. Three years old, able to draw a circle with a pen in his hand, will pour water into the cup and be able to unbutton and button himself。
Early childhood mobility, although largely generated by physical development, is also associated with environmental impacts. For example. Walking, matured with legs, waist bones, muscles, the children, at some point, hold something to stand and walk. But the movement of independence, with the help of adults, becomes more familiar with the practice. Some moves, without the appropriate environment and practice, could not be well developed, and the indian wolf, little kamara, did not have a walking environment because of the long life of the pack. By the age of 14, two-year-old children were not able to walk smoothly. By the time he died at the age of 17, he had not walked or ran smoothly. Parents should therefore take root in order to help children develop their mobility in accordance with the regularity and sequence of their movements, providing opportunities for mobility exercises and promoting their mobility。
(ii) characteristics of ecd
1. Top to bottom
Children move. The development of the upper body precedes the development of the lower body. From head to bottom, from upper to lower limbs。
2. From big to small
This refers to the initial development of actions associated with muscles, which have evolved to those associated with small muscles. In the case of the movement of the child's hand, the extension arm associated with the large muscles of the arm was developed, and later, the clawing, holding, handing, etc. Associated with the small muscles of the finger。
3. From simplicity to complexity
Children's initial movements are simple actions of individual parts of the body, such as stretching out, kicking, turning the head, and so on, evolving to simultaneously turn their heads, stretching their hands and taking objects in harmony with their eyes, and further developing their ability to engage in games of many kinds。
4. Never to be arbitrary
The non-discretionary and arbitrary nature of movement is distinguished from its initiative and purpose. The children's movements, initially unattractive, unobstructed, induced by objective irritation, increased heads in the direction of light, something to touch their hands, and the children's hands to scratch. Later on, random movement evolves, when objective incentives are not present or in direct contact with the child, and movement also occurs, and through movement, you reach out to things and you know things. Children, for example, turn their heads proactively in search of “cats” in their “hidden cats” activities. That's a random move。
