Managing knowledge (an overview of the theory of non-profit organizations) is an organization that is not for profit and whose goal is generally to support or address issues or events of personal or public interest. Non-profit organizations cover a wide range of fields, including art, charity, education, academia, environmental protection, etc. It does not operate to generate benefits, which is generally considered to be the main characteristic of such organizations, but also important features such as non-profit, civic, autonomous, voluntary, non-political, non-religious, etc. Non-profit organizations, sometimes also known as the third sector (the third sector), together with the public sector (first sector) and the private sector (second sector) of the business community, form three main forces that affect society. Non-profit organizations must also generate revenues to finance their activities. However, their income and expenditure are limited. Non-profit organizations are therefore often funded by donations from the public and private sectors
2 and often tax-exempt. Private contributions to non-profit organizations are sometimes subject to tax deductions. After the second world war, there was a rethinking of two major wars, which had caused unprecedented catastrophes and great waste to society, while differences and contradictions between peoples, regions and countries persisted and could be exacerbated. It was found that the two main sectors of society no longer met the need for a balance between socio-economic activities and public needs. As a result, the social organization pattern has begun to evolve, with the emergence of third-sector non-profit organizations, the social goods sector. The united nations, for example, had emerged to coordinate relations between countries; the world bank had been established to provide pro-poor aid loans to less developed countries and regions; the world health organization had been established to focus on supporting health and health issues in less developed countries and regions; and the world trade organization was part of such non-governmental organizations. The emergence and development of these organizations have greatly facilitated
3. Development and social harmony in the world are also becoming more powerful and more influential. However, as society continues to evolve and progress, the three main sectors of society have also evolved. Gradually, the market has been adapted and built in line with market requirements and market reforms have been introduced. Government corruption has gradually been eliminated and the level of social services has increased significantly as a result of market-based electoral competition and the enforcement of rules. Non-profit organizations, on the other hand, promote transparency in the public goods market, increase the efficiency of public goods organizations and promote civility and harmony in society through fair competition and self-regulatory mutual guidelines. Research theory has increased dramatically in north america and europe since the 1970s, and even in eastern europe there has been a high level of attention to non-profit organizations. According to kramer et al., the results of research by non-profit organizations since 1970 are even more comprehensive than the last 50 years
There are many representative theories. (i) weisbrod explained the existence of non-profit organizations from the point of view of government failures and market failures at the earliest, using residual analytical strategies to justify the need for non-profit organizations. He considers that there is an alternative between the government, the market and the non-profit sector in meeting the needs of personal goods, including personal and public goods. Public goods cannot be supplied by individual consumers and producers through market transactions, i. E. Market failures. However, meyer believes that the quantity and quality of any public goods provided by the government is determined by the political decision-making process, while the government's provision of public goods tends to respond to the needs of the medium electorate, resulting in oversupply of public goods to some voters and inadequate supply of another. Within the framework of visbod's analysis
5. The government, the market and the non-profit sector are alternative relationships to each other in meeting the needs of individuals for public goods, non-profit organizations exist with donor support and the unpaid work of volunteers, as well as government support, and government and non-profit organizations are complementary in the context of meeting public needs. (ii) the doctrine of contractual failure (hansmann) was first developed to analyse the functional needs of the non-profit organization sector, starting with the limitations of profit-making organizations. Existing economic theory suggests that, subject to the fulfilment of certain specific conditions, profit-making organizations provide goods and services in quantities and at prices that reflect the maximization of social efficiency. These conditions are: 1. The transaction cost is zero, including consumer ex ante search costs, negotiation costs, etc. 2. Information is perfect. 3. Legal soundness, i. E. Compensation is available if producers fail to comply with the agreement. Although in many cases these conditions are not required
Fully established, such as lower transaction costs, but in some areas where there is a clear asymmetry of information between consumers and producers on the quality and quantity of products and services, it is likely that for-profit enterprises will use their advantage in information asymmetries to deceive consumers and maximize their profits, leading to contractual failures. Hansmann’s theory focused for the first time on the very characteristics of the non-profit organization and analysed it in detail, but in his analysis of the need for the form of the non-profit organization, he did so from the perspective of institutional needs, with a strong functional analytical colour and without a more detailed and comprehensive analysis of its characteristics, size and institutional supply. (iii) the charitable theory of rose-ackerman explains the existence of non-profit organizations from a supply perspective, arguing that leaders of non-profit organizations pass on their prices by creating non-profit organizations
7. Values and ideas, in order to spread their values and ideas, have created non-profit organizations, which have also been an incentive for leaders of non-profit organizations. Young (1986) believes that this type of person is sometimes more reflected in non-profit organizations, which may offer lower remuneration for labour, even voluntary behaviour, and some volunteers are willing to provide pro bono services to non-profit organizations. Charities argue that the supply of such products by non-profit organization entrepreneurs is motivated by altruistic motives, and that, in economic terms, the effectiveness of non-profit organization entrepreneurs is achieved through charitable acts or is satisfied by the good reputation and social status of donations. (iv) the self-interest theory, contrary to the charity theory, considers that the donor is also a consumer after the donation has been made, and that the donation is seen as a manifestation of the self-interest act, the so-called “contribution control”, which makes the donor look like a profit
The involvement of stakeholders in sexual organizations in corporate governance, like corporate governance, reduces the incentive for agents to cheat, which may also be the reason for the existence of non-profit organizations, where donors are motivated to commit donations and donors may receive tax exemptions. (v) other theories include, inter alia, the three sectoral models of state, market and non-profit organizations first proposed by wuthow. A country is defined as “the sphere of activity organized and legitimized by formal, coercive powers”. The state is characterized by coercive powers. The market is defined as “the range of activities involving the exchange of goods and services for profit”. Market agents operate mainly on the principle of non-mandatoryity. The non-profit sector has been positioned as “a residual range of activities for the exchange of goods and services that are neither formally compulsory nor profit-oriented”, operating mainly on the principle of voluntarism. A world of conceptual and legal definitions
Non-profit organizations are legally defined differently in many countries. The legal definition of a non-profit organization in the united states is determined by whether an organization has tax-exempt eligibility, i. E. An organization meeting tax-exempt conditions is legally recognized as a non-profit organization. The british criteria for identifying non-profit organizations are as follows: the organization is established for the public rather than the private benefit; it employs some volunteer, non-salary staff; it gives up due remuneration for salaried staff (e. G., receiving less than normal salaries); it cannot be distributed to its members; the directors of non-salary members are responsible for managing the affairs of the organization; and it is funded by different organizations. Under japanese law, a non-profit organization is defined as a social organization that is not for profit and whose income cannot be used for distribution to its members, but it does not mean that it cannot participate in a profit-making business, but that it must use all kinds of income for the public good. The united nations defines non-profit organizations as funds based on non-profit organizations
Sources are defined. If more than half of an organization's income is not derived from goods and services sold at market prices, it is the non-profit organization that receives contributions from its members and donations from its supporters. This criterion is not universal due to the large differences in the funding structure of such organizations across countries. The academic definition of levitt defines non-profit organizations from a sectoral perspective and uses the term third sector to refer collectively to these social organizations that are located between the government and private enterprises. Non-profit organizations, which are more socially responsible, have the strength to continuously update social values, beliefs and norms, observe the moral orientation of society, anticipate social trends and develop new forms of social services to meet the needs of the population, believe that such organizations are characterized by their organizational mission and public mission. Mclaughlin
11,in) defines not-for-profit organizations from the standpoint of regulatory behaviour, and he defines what is not-for-profit organizations by comparing the differences in management behaviour between non-profit organizations and governmental and profit-making organizations. Professor salaman of johns hopkins university defined non-profit organizations in terms of their organizational characteristics, and he believed that six basic characteristics could be met: formality, civility, non-profitability, autonomy, voluntarism and pro bono organizations. Anthony y, which defines not-for-profit organizations in terms of their operational characteristics, believes that non-profit organizations have the following 12 characteristics vis-à-vis governmental and profit-making organizations: 1. Not for profit; 2. Primarily for the provision of public goods and services; 3. Greater conflict between equity and efficiency; and 4. More constraints on objectives and development strategies than profit-making organizations
12,5. Income is non-price-sourced; 6. There are special provisions in taxation and law; 7. There are failures in regulatory control; 8. The behaviour of the members of the organization is difficult to detect; 9. Professional technicians dominate; 10. There are wide variations in the internal structure of various types of non-profit organizations; 11. There is less financial dependence on customers; and 12. There is a tendency towards commercialization. On the basis of comparative studies in 26 countries, the classification of international non-profit organizations in salaman has been established: 1. Educational academia; 2. Medical care; 3. Social welfare; 4. Cultural leisure; 5. Occupational groups; 6. Residential development; 7. International affairs; 8. Civic initiatives; 9. Environmental protection; 10. Philanthropy; 11. Religion; 12. Other. Such a classification would easily identify which organizations were not-for-profit, but would be detrimental to in-depth academic research and would vary from country to country. Not-for-profit organizations in the united nations system of standard industrial classifications
These are: education: primary education, secondary education, university education, adult education and others; medical and social work: health care, veterinary and social work; other community and personal services: environmental health, chambers of commerce and professional organizations, trade unions, other member organizations (including religious and political organizations), entertainment institutions, news agencies, libraries, museums and cultural institutions, sports and leisure. The ec classification system of economic activity industries divides non-profit organizations into five categories: education: higher education, primary and secondary education, vocational education and nursing education; research and development; medicine and health: hospitals, clinics, other medical institutions, dentists and veterinarians; other public services: social work, charities, professional organizations, employers ' associations, trade unions, religious organizations and societies, travel agencies; leisure and culture: entertainment institutions, libraries, archives, museums, zoos and sports organizations. General organizational role
14. Social services provide intermediaries and direct services to members of society. Social communication (e. G. Counselling services for study abroad and various nursing homes, private schools) serves as a bridge between government and business, government and society. On the one hand, it reflects business, social opinions, advice and provides information to the government; on the other hand, it assists the government in its advocacy, mentoring, supervision, etc. Social evaluation (e. G. Trade associations) provides an impartial evaluation of production, consumer goods (e. G. Investigation bodies). Social decisions mediate disputes between members of society, such as consumer rights protection associations. The legitimacy of resource providers of the legitimacy of politically instrumental governments is the commitment to the status of those who have authority and the obedience to their orders. Non-profit organizations, the watchdogs of government power, provide a space for people to organize themselves freely, targeting the public interest in order to protect the interests of humanity as a whole, raising public awareness and influencing public decision-making in government through organized activities. The nurturers of democratic values contribute to the development of a sound public perception of political participation. The promotion of the quality of citizens ' political participation in the democratic practice of political participation in a large number of non-profit organizations is a proven and effective way of doing so. 9
