Food crops research institute, henan agricultural institute
Potatoes are important low-input, high-output, drought-resistant, infertile, multi-purpose, i. E. Food, fodder and industrial raw crops in our country. Potatoes are an important cash crop to satisfy the diversity of people's food, provide food processing and energy-chemical materials. They are rich in nutrients. In addition to containing large amounts of starch, they are rich in a variety of vitamins, dietary fibres, soluble sugars, and in terms of the abundance of potassium, calcium, iron and phosphorus, their nutritional health care is a matter of renewed concern. They are called “queens” of vegetables. They are rich in carrots, vitamins, etc., for high-quality heart-fed potatoes, and, in addition to general sweet potato nutrition, they are also rich in nectar and cancer-resistant kings - seleness - which increase human resistance to cancer and other health effects. Domestic and foreign studies have also found that they contain unique dehydroxone, adhectic protein, improve human immune capacity, improve human body health, and have a cancer-resistant effect. Many scientists believe that sweet potatoes are the ideal food for humankind in the twenty-first century. The developed countries view sweet potatoes as a nutritious, balanced and complete health-care food, a natural long-lived food that is a good nutritional health product for the livelihood of their people and an important raw material for starch, fermentation and new bioenergy sources。
The environmental conditions of the place of production (environmental air quality, irrigation water quality, soil environmental quality) shall be in conformity with the environmental conditions of the land of a non-publicly hazardous food and vegetable production (ny5010-2002) and the environmental assessment guidelines of a non-publicly hazardous food production (ny/t5295-2004) by choosing to stay away from sources of pollution, from industrial and agricultural pollution and its effects, from areas where the potato production is in good ecological condition and has a sustainable productive capacity, with easy drainage, deep-drying, soil sterilisation, and sandy or micro-acid soils containing organic, water-conserving, fertilizing, moderately or micro-acid soils, and without any disease。
2. Preparation for planting:
2. 1. Select a high-quality strain that is resistant to disease. The origin of the varieties and the origin of the disease cannot be introduced blindly. 2. Identification of the trueness of the variety, the choice of the unit, the source, and the availability of national reports on disease resistance and quality tests by statutory authorities. 3. Selection of good varieties suitable for local cultivation, depending on their use, local gas, soil, ... Disease. According to the results of the pilot demonstration of good seed areas in several countries over a number of years, the areas suitable for starch processing are as follows:
(a) no disease-free and multi-pathic areas (e. G., root disease, tuberworm disease), (1), selected varieties of high starch specialty: #8 at risk, #25, (high resistance or resistance to root disease, root disease, 25-26% starch rate, shortcomings: low production of fresh potatoes)
(2) high-yielding and high-flour new varieties of plum camp no. 8 (13 days in summer potato storage, 22. 8 per cent in 2008 determined by the ministry of agriculture (zhengzhou point) quality examination centre, 3 percentage points higher than the 19. 4 per cent of commercial potatoes, and confirmed by the national potato centre to be resistant to root decomposition and to melancholy disease, with more than 2,000 kg of cassiterite produced in the field, and with a test range no. 8 in the field of footless worm disease (this disease pending identification). (3) high-yielding, multi-diseased starch and product selection: 1 commercial potato 19 (advanced: high-yield, high-resilence, anti-stereopathic disease, disadvantage: non-anti-black spots), 2 potato 12 (advanced: high viscosity, damp resistance, high productivity, anti-behavioural disease, more anti-brainworm disease, disadvantage: non-anti-black spots) potato 13 (advantages: high yield, high resistance to corruption, disease against rodents, disadvantages: no resistance to black spots), starch rates of the above varieties equal to or slightly higher than the 18 per cent (dry rate 19-22 per cent) and production of fresh potatoes and starch, all 10-25 per cent higher than the 18 per cent。
Dryly selected in a scavenging zone: potato 7 (national starch specialty, high yield, high starch). The drying rate averaged 33. 3 per cent. Decryption rate 22,61 per cent) 2m camp 1 (spring rate 26. 07 per cent and summer potato sodium rate 24. 8 per cent) is suitable for cultivation in dry areas without root scavenging, drought-resistant, medium-resistant tuber worm disease, high yield of spring potatoes, high starch powder and tuber worm disease。
The meds-free worm area is selected as follows: cheuk potato 22 (rich, wet-resistant, suitable for cultivation throughout the yangtze basin, 21. 48 per cent starch, up by 2 percentage points from 19. 39 per cent of the 18. The drying rate is more than 30 per cent, 3. 6 percentage points higher than that of cassava, 88 percentage points higher than that of sweet potatoes, and 8. 9 per cent higher than that of cassava, 88 per cent higher than that of cassava, 13. 3 per cent higher than that of cassava, and 12. 78 per cent higher than that of masculinity, 18 times higher than that of chess. Shortcomings: non-resistant rodents, non-resistant black spots) are suitable for cultivation in areas such as car-light scavengers, non-dupers, hubei, hunan, sichuan, chongqing and shunnan river basin。
Serious decomposition, drought-affected areas: decontamination of chevy 18, potato 8. High-quality sweet potato selection: seo 34, carrot, 019-3, excerpts 138, potato 23, high-quality yellow potato selection: japanese red east, xu 55-2, beijing 553; high-quality sweet potato selection: potato 6, nanchic 1, potato 1, potato 1, magenta 1, magenta 1, potato 18, magenta 1; high-fast potato selection: japanese purple, purple 176; high-quality sweet sweet sweet sweet potato selection: chestnut, potato 12, potato 5 and potato 19; morning city, high-yield, quality general red heart species: soctic 8, zheng red 2a-1, zheng potato 20 and ning 1 (banana)。
2. 2 cultivating disease-free seedlings
2. 2. 1 the seedling method, time and breeding capacity of the spring potato area is provided by hot seedlings on the third floor of the cosmos + small arches + membranes, or on the ground warmed + membranes, 35 to 40 days earlier than the local planting (in mid-march or mid-march in central henan province); the spring and summer yam area, as well as the platinum + two layers of the membranes, i. E. Cold bed-wide, around 1. 0-1. 2 m, with suitable thinning of the casssava, a distance of 1 to 2 cm between the potato chips and a low level of density of 18 to 20 kg/m2 and a fine layer of potatoes, filling the cascabs and watering (approximately 1. 5 times greater than the size of the potato), with full wetness of the potato surface and bed. The seeding is wet with two to three centimetres of sand, re-penetrating the membrane, taking care of crop straws under the membrane, leaving a gap to prevent oxygen-deficit seed. In the final bed, the accelerator is capped and warmed around it.) the seedling can be grown about 45 days before the local planting, with a field growing 50 kg/666 m2 and, in the case of seedlings, the seedling seedlings can be made from the spring potato nursery (with a range of 20 x 20 cm)。
2. 2. 2 absorption of the potato species by leaching for 10 minutes from 51 ~ 54 °c warm water or for 5 to 10 minutes from 70 per cent methyl tobuzin or 50 per cent polybacterial leachate。
2. 2. 3 the management of hotbeds 1-10 days of high temperature (30 - 35°c) incubation, followed by a steady temperature (20 - 25°c) of 20 - 20 days of bed. When 60 per cent of the chips come out, the membrane can be removed, water can be poured once and the arches and sheds can be ventilated at two ends (more than 20°c) at clear temperatures, preventing high temperatures (more than 40°c) from burning seedlings, depending on the wetness of the bed. Potato seedlings are about 20 cm long, with low temperature (18-20°c) seedlings (scattered during the day) used for six to seven rolls. After three to five days, they grow up to 22 to 25 cm, after cutting two seedlings, after urea (200 to 250g/10m2), and after fertilization, with fresh water to wash and water。
2. 3 deep tillage, with depths of 26 to 33 cm, can be used as a machine, such as tractors, ditchers, lifts, etc., to open the ditch before winter, deepen the bottom of the ditch, degenerate it, apply organic fertilizer in the early spring and mix soil fattening and falsify the ditch into a plume. The winter tillage is deep and the spring tillage is early and shallow. When the soil is wet enough, it is not appropriate for deep tillage to be combined with conversion, the adhesive soil that is adhesive to the sand can be turned to the silt, and the sand that is silted to the bottom. In order to save summer and autumn rain, hill drylands can use pre-winter deep-droping, early pick-up, ramps up along the contours of the platitudes, and a tug every 2-3 m in the ditch, which will be beneficial for the harvesting of rainwater and the prevention of soil erosion on the ground. They shall be made of compacted land and low-lying, medium-growth and post-dry water, or of high and high groundwater tables, high-capacity, high-dry, high-dry, around 1 m, 25 to 33 cm high, and 20 cm wide per row; small-dry, 65 to 80 cm high, 20 to 25 cm high per row high, and around 30 cm long; and quality requirements: evenly, flat and flat, flat, flat, pine, scattered soil, and unspread heart. Potatoes should be planted in wet areas, and drought-prone areas should be prepared early. Potatoes are fertilized, farmed and so forth。
Base fertilizers are applied and applied in accordance with the general guidelines for the rational use of fertilizers (ny/t496) and are determined on the basis of soil fertility levels, planned production indicators. Controlling the principles of base-based, organic and less nitrogen-based fertilizer and increased potassium and phosphorous fertilizer. More than 70 per cent of the total nitrogen fertilizer and most of the potassium phosphate fertilizer is used as a base application, organic and chemical fertilizers are used in combination, and more consumable, disease-free agricultural fertilizer is promoted in combination with farming. When fully modulated and planted, potassium dihydrophosphate, 2kg/667m2, used as fertilizer. Biological organic compounds are specially designed for fertilizers and fertilizers, which are packaged into the heart when made. No industrial waste, urban waste and sludge, no unfermented, uncivilized treatment, no hazard-free targets, heavy metal excess human urine, etc. In general, a balanced application of 5 kg of nitrogen (n), phosphorus (p2o5) 5 kg and potassium (k2o) 10-12 kg is required for every 1000 kg of potatoes produced. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:1:2 - 2. 5. Under moderate fertility conditions, fresh potatoes range from 2500 to 3000 kg/667 m2, requiring the application of high-quality agricultural household fertilizers (fluencing, composting) from 2,500 to 3000 kg, the application of urea 10 kg, calcium perphosphate 30 kg and potassium sulphate 15 kg. In the case of underweight farmers, suitable bio-organic composite fertilizers meeting national standards may be selected to replace farm-based fertilizers or 60-70kg bio-organic compound fertilizers of 15 per cent each of 667 m2 of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, with potassium sulphate 20-30kg. The use of organic inorganic compound fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers (including potassium sulphate, calcium perphosphate, phosphorus fertilizers, urea, ammonium carbon, etc.), leaf-faced fertilizers (methyl phosphate dihydrogen) and micronutrient configuration fertilizers is promoted. And it meets national standards for fertilizer。
The use of organic biofertilizers, amino acid corrosive fertilizers, microbiological fertilizers, such as national patented products: high-activity multi-element biocommodity fertilizers: “`multi-power' plate weighting”, amino acid corrosive fertilizers, etc., base fattening or catching 10 kg per acre, can reduce the use of fertilizers and deplete the tillage layer, contributing to the growth of the roots and sizes。
