Attitude influences behavior? Cognitive disorders and their elimination
Shine
The behavior of people in cognitive disorders is complex. The value of cognitive disorders theory lies in helping us to predict the extent to which people are inclined to change their attitudes and behaviour. The greater the cognitive disorder, the greater the stress, but the rational analysis of ways to eliminate the cognitive disorder, rather than giving greater recognition to the value of the act, changes attitudes towards it. And it was followed by a decisive change in that behaviour。
Under what circumstances is there a stronger desire to eliminate the disorder? What's the pattern of cognitive disorders? What's the impact on human behavior? How to eliminate the disorders? Professor luo gwang's troupe of organizational behaviour 3 says “attitude” has answers. Attention, selection, sharing and forwarding are welcome。
Third: attitude
01
Reducing disorders and rationalizing factors are at the forefront。
Controlled gains are followed by consistent attitudes and behaviour。
Note: the intensity of the desire to eliminate cognitive disorders is influenced by the importance of the contributing factors, whether the individual is able to control (the degree to which the individual believes he or she is controlled by them), and the extent to which the individual benefits from the disorder。
02
The disorder has been reduced by three points and corrective actions have been severe。
Attitudinal change is also valuable for the reasons given。
Note: there are three ways to reduce the level of cognitive disorders (to the extent that they are eliminated), either by changing behaviour (the most difficult) or by changing attitudes or by seeking justification (the most common)。
03
When is attitudinal behaviour? Important is consistent。
Attitudes can be low-pressure, and experience is typically visible。
Note: attitudinal influence behaviour is conditional, including important attitudes, behaviour-consistent attitudes, extractable attitudes, low situational (social) stress, attitudes derived from direct experience, and the typical nature of the subject of attitudes。
04
It's a negative two-dimensional process
Actively building the name of the proposal and negative building integrity
Negative sabotage, active disruption of exit。
Note: when employees are dissatisfied, the active builder is “recommended”, the passive builder is “loyal”, the passive breaker is “failure”, and the active breaker is “exit”。
Attitude influences behavior? Cognitive disorders and their elimination
Why is it difficult to change behaviors such as “frequent operations, high-level pursuits, low-level killings”? Why do investors have little to stop losses when stocks bought back in stock fall? But it's easy to stop damage in time? The confusion experienced almost daily in investment, the cognitive imbalance in psychology, provides an explanation。
What is cognitive disorders? That needs to start with attitude
Attitude is an evaluative statement of people and things, reflecting feelings for people and things. Attitudes are directed and must be the subject (attitude holders) and object (attitude objects). Attitude has three basic components: cognitive, emotional and behavioural。
The cognitive component refers to the psychological impression of the subject of the attitude towards the subject, and consists of relevant facts, knowledge and beliefs, i. E. Knowledge, understanding, evaluation and narratives of value. The cognitive component is the basis for the rest of the attitude. The emotional component is the emotional or sensory part of the attitude. It refers to the positive or negative assessment of the subject of the attitude and the resulting emotional emotion, which has emotional features such as good and bad. Emotional elements are at the heart and key of attitudes. Attitudes and emotions cannot be equated, but they are emotional and can directly reflect them. The element of intent refers to an individual's intention to act in one way or another against an object of attitude, the intended reaction, and its preparatory nature. Attitude is different from behaviour, but attitude is behavioural
The relationship between the three components of attitudes is more complex. In general, the three are harmonized, but they may also be inconsistent between the three components。
Research shows that people automatically seek consistency between attitudes and between attitudes and behaviour. It can show that it is rational and that it is an important demand of modern people。
In the late 1950s, a prominent social psychologist, leon festinger, introduced the cognitive disorder theoryNance theory, used to describe the relationship between attitude and behaviour. Disorders refer to inconsistencies. Cognitive disorders refer to an individual's perception of a discomfort between the various attitudes and attitudes and behaviours that are important to him. According to fistinge, any form of inconsistency can lead to psychological discomfort, and the person concerned will attempt to alleviate and eliminate it automatically。
In practice, the existence of cognitive disorders is inevitable for a certain period of time。
According to fistinge, the desire to eliminate cognitive disorders depends on three factors: the importance of the contributing factors; the degree to which the individual believes that he or she is controlled by them; and the benefits of being involved in the disorder。
The importance of the contributing factor affects people's desire to eliminate it
If the element causing the disorder is less important, people often do not care, for example, “zhang san does not like fish and buys a fish at lunch”, which is somewhat cognitive, but is not relevant and does not necessarily have to be eliminated. But if the contributing factors are very important, for example, li's firm rejection of moving people's things without their consent, there's a time when the suburbs are hungry and they don't pick up cucumbers from the next kitchen? It creates a disorder, which moral pressure forces him to address. Either the cucumbers continue to starve in private, or the cucumbers are collected despite moral constraints, or an appropriate explanation is found that sometimes others are hungry and their cucumbers are taken in order to justify themselves。
The degree to which an individual believes that he or she is controlled by these elements affects the degree to which he or she wishes to overcome the disorder, that is, the freedom of his or her choice, that is, the degree to which he or she perceives himself or herself as having influence and the ability to cope with it; if a person believes that he or she is unable to do so because of external environmental conditions or superior orders or regulations, it is possible to attribute the act externally, thereby reducing his or her responsibility for the disorder. At this point, the desire to eliminate the imbalance is less strong。
The extent to which individuals benefit from being involved in a state of disorder clearly affects the desire to eliminate it. If imbalances occur, but the rewards or benefits from them are considerable, a balance can be created, and the stress of cognitive disorders will not be too strong. In fact, high remuneration is in itself a reason for rationalization, a powerful balancing agent sufficient to eliminate cognitive discomfort。
As a result of these three factors, cognitive disorders have become quite complex. Cognitive disorders do not necessarily mean behaviour to restore balance. The value of cognitive disorders theory is to help us predict how much people are inclined to change their attitudes and behaviour. Despite the complexity of the situation, at least it is certain that the greater the cognitive disorder, the greater the stress, the greater the desire to eliminate the imbalance. At this point, people themselves adjust their divergent attitudes and try to synchronize them with their behaviour in order to prove themselves to be rational and consistent. When behaviour is at odds with attitudes, people try to change one of the parties, or change attitudes or behaviour to bring them together; or find a reasonable justification for the inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour, which is self-defeating. In general, behavioural change is more difficult and attitudinal change is relatively easy. For example, smokers also know that smoking is harmful to their health, but how many people are able to quit smoking with pain? The number is much lower than the number of people who believe that smoking may have less health effects。
Perceptions and factors affecting investment
There are a number of factors affecting the disorder, including the incentives for minimization, the perceived right to choose, the irrevocable commitment, the foreseeable consequences, the responsibility of the individual for the consequences, and whether the individual has made a great effort. This paper focuses on the last two elements, as they are closely linked to equity investments。
Individual responsibility and perception of consequences. At the time of equity investments, why is there a repetition of previous analyses of “frequent operations, high-level pursuits, low-level killings” etc.? Investors are well aware of their self-sufficiency and are aware of the need to be held accountable for all the consequences of investment, regardless of whether this sense of responsibility is logical. And whether or not these consequences are reasonably foreseeable, there will be a disorder once previous acts of “frequent operations, high-level pursuits, low-level killings” are repeated and the negative consequences (almost inevitable) of this operation are discovered。
Pallak, sogin, & van zante, in a 1974 study, found that they would still give a better assessment of this boring task when they re-evaluated it, as long as it was perceived that they had chosen the task themselves, even though the negative consequences of completing it were not discovered until after the completion of the task (for example, simply by wasting time). The aim is to reduce the imbalance. Scher&cooper explored the reasons for this in 1989: people are inherently responsible for their actions. Thinking of themselves as responsible。
Investors are willing to participate in investment, often creating imbalances if they fail to do so — “frequently operating, high up, low down”. What would he do at this point? It is rare for investors to change such misconduct and rarely, to the extent possible, to refrain from repeating those mistakes in the future. Because behavioural change is difficult, it is difficult for investors to change their own inappropriate practices. They also rarely reflect on the impropriety of such an operation, but mitigate the disorder by giving a higher assessment of such behaviour to prove themselves right. They often think that there is nothing wrong with this. How can you profit from less frequent operations? Only if you do. If you don't, where's the chance for profit? If you're only involved, when will it rise? It fell to such a level that the damage was not only greater. According to an interview with investors, investors tend to insist that this is not a good practice. For reasons, many investors have used this to their own advantage, for example, so that they have at least accumulated experience, and they rarely seriously reflect on the reasons that they find themselves, which is an important aspect of why it is difficult for many investors to improve their performance。
Efforts and cognitive disorders. If an individual tries hard to do a worthless thing, then he reduces the disorder by making himself more fond of it (rationalization of effort). Specifically, the more individuals do something with negative consequences, the more they work, the greater the disorder. The more likely they are to convince themselves that their choices are right. Reason: changing attitudes helps you to justify what you have already done, even what you expect. In the case of equity investments, most of the stocks that were bought in bulk were carefully thought out, resulting in negative results. Because the operation was a result of careful learning and hard work, the degree of discomfort was high, and the desire to eliminate it was strong and the way to do so was to value the operation. As a result, stock acquired in heavy silos does not tend to be easily stopped without a rise or fall. In relative terms, stock buys are not necessarily well thought out before decisions are made, so once they fall and have negative consequences, they tend to be less dysfunctional, so that they do not lose out of the game. As a result of our research, investors sometimes buy a stock at hand, which is often neither heavy nor well thought out, so it is not necessary for investors to prove themselves right and often stop the damage as soon as mistakes are discovered. This is also one of the reasons for the frequent operation of investors。
How to overcome these bad behaviors
On the basis of the idea of eliminating imbalances, internal recognition of these practices is highly susceptible to errors and losses, thereby changing attitudes and bringing them into line with behaviour。
Stock investments, profit and loss investors themselves are responsible for spending their own real money, which is hard to obtain. To overcome the currency illusion。
Any operation, even if carried out lightly, should be based on deliberate decision-making, and in the event of a failure, there was a strong desire to eliminate the disorder because of individual efforts. The way to eliminate the disorder is not to give greater recognition to the value of the act, but to change attitudes towards the operation and at the same time to change it。
(one of the cognitive disorders)
Published in the original language in the shanghai securities journal on 30 december 2019, under the title “why frequent operations are bad investment habits”. This document has been refined。
The attention given to the headline “footlight” is welcomed, which is operated by professor (at the national level) at the international business school of the university of foreign economics and trade。
The headlines included the following topics: organizational behavior; leadership; decision-making behaviour; investment psychology; tourism poetry; awareness-raising; and the white jade medical selection。
Zhong guang, an expert on special allowances under the state council, a distinguished teacher from beijing, a 10-year-old teacher from beijing higher education school, a beijing-based teacher, and the most popular teacher among students at the university of foreign economics and trade。
The platform leaders, the authors of the theory of the effectiveness of securities regulation (the beijing 15th prize for outstanding results in philosophy and social sciences ii) have long been involved in the teaching of organizational behavior, leadership, management, social psychology, organizational theory, etc. Research areas include organizational behavior and leadership, behavioural finance and securities regulation, and decision-making. 21 publications, teaching materials, of which 5 are unique. More than 60 articles published in authoritative academic journals, over 200 academic papers published, and more than 100 professional and non-verbal articles published in authoritative newspapers. Special columns have been set up in the shanghai securities journal and the shanghai television first financial channel. Chinese network of entrepreneurs and special columnist for the new wave。
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