The main elements of the introductory remarks are: main elements of the course, learning methods, learning requirements, reference books。
Overview of basic concepts, processes of development, trends in development, areas of application, market prospects, selection of single machines and typical single machine performance. The aim is to make students aware of single machines and to focus on single machine technology. Basic concept of single-piece machines
Single microcomputer (single-chipmicrocomputer): a single-formula machine, which integrates microprocessors (central processing unit, cpu), storage units (readonlymemory, readable memory) and ram (randomacc accessmemory, random storage), timers/calculators, interrupt systems, input/output interfaces (i/o interfaces), bus and other multifunctional devices into a microcomputer on a chip. Also known as embedded microcontroller. Characteristics of single machines: high reliability, ease of extension, high control function, abundant control commands, low voltage, low power consumption, small internal storage capacity, high integration, small size, high value for value, wide application, easy to produce, etc。
The application of single-piece technology has reached out to the importance of learning one-piece machines in all areas of national economy and people's lives
Please pay attention to our surroundings and see what's happening around them as a result of the application of the single machine
As the most typical embedded system, the successful application of single-piece machines has contributed to the development of embedded systems. In addition to individual courses, single-piece systems have become one of the most common applications in electronic systems, and are one of the most extensive applications in many of the practice components involved, such as course design, graduate design and even postgraduate thesis subjects. Among the various electronic design competitions that have been vigorously pursued in universities, the use of single-piece systems to address various electronic technologies has become one of the main methods. In 1974, fairchild developed the world's first single machine f8. It marks the birth of a single machine. The development of single machines can normally be divided into four stages. First stage (1974-1976): primary stage of single-piece machines. Characteristics: poor manufacturing processes, low integration and double-formation. Representative product: f8 series by fairchild. Phase ii (1977-1978): low-performance monolithic stage. Features: functional components such as cpus, parallel vents, timers/calculators, rams and roms integrated within a single chip, but with low performance. Representative products: intel, mcs-48 series; gi, pic 1650. Phase iii (1979-1982): high-performance monolithic stage. Features: storage capacity, location range, break source, parallel i/o interfaces and timer/calculator numbers have been increased to varying degrees and integrated with full-scale double-space communication interfaces. Multiplication, biting and comparison instructions have been added to the command system. Representative products: intel mcs-51 series, motorola mc6805 series, tti tms-7000 series, zilog z8 series, etc. 3. Phase iv of the development of single machines (1983-present): consolidation of 8 single machines and roll-out of 16, 32 single machines. Characteristics: advanced process, high integration, high internal functionality, fast operation. Representative products:
The mmc68hc16 series in motorola, the mcs-96 series in intel, the ti (trust instruments) msp430 series, and the companies microchip, atmel, mitsubishi, catchi (japan), philips (philip) and st (italian semiconductor). Thirty-two single-piece machines have emerged in recent years and are the top product of a single-piece machine, with a high computing speed. The product is represented by stc stm32 series (based on
Armcortextm-m3, m68300 series of motorola, precision 32 series of silabs, pic32mx series of microchip, f28x series of tti and sh series of hitachi. 3. The development of single-piece machines
The development of single-piece machines can be divided into three main phases: scm, mmu and soc from the perspective of embedded systems. 1974-1976: 4-bit, 8-bit single machine
Fairchild
F8 series 1977-1978: 8-bit single machine
Intelmcs-48 series 1979-1982: high-end eight single-piece machines
Intelmcs-51 series
8031/8051/8751, 8032/8052/8752
80c31 low utility, 80c252 high performance, 89c2051/051 cheap 1983-present
16-bit single machine
Intelmcs-96 series
8098/8096, 80c198/80c196, dsp
32-bit single machine
Trends in arm series 4. Single-piece machines
Currently, the mainstream of single machines remains eight high-performance single machines. This development is reflected in the enhanced cpu functionality, performance, integration, internalization of peripheral circuits, large storage capacity, increasing manufacturing processes, increasing interface performance, increasing reliability, decreasing power consumption, simplification of programming and simulation techniques, and use of real-time operating systems. The development of single-piece machines is designed to meet the growing requirements for sensor interfaces, electrical interfaces, power-driven interfaces, human interfaces, communication network interfaces, etc., to accommodate automatic detection and control requirements. 5. Area of application of single-piece technology
Single-piece machines have advantages such as simple structure, ease of application, combination of hardware and software, high functionality, small size, low price, ease of application, ease of access and diffusion, ease of productization and ease of embedding in applications. Thus, embedded systems centred on single machines play a very important role in such areas as industry, agriculture, defence, military industry, medical care, automobile electronics, smart instrument instruments, household appliances, consumer electronics, etc. The market prospects for single machine applications are wide. The main applications are industrial detection and control, instrumentation, consumer electronics, computer peripherals, network and communications smart interfaces, military and aviation, office automation, medical equipment, automobile electronics, distributed multi-machine processing systems, etc. A large number of single machines - embedded technology - are now everywhere. Traditional production and lifestyles are rapidly changing。
Selection principle: the single machine is selected primarily from the command structure, method of storage and functionality. (1) structure of the directive
The single machine can be divided into a complex set of commands (cisc) and a streamlined set of commands (risc) by command structure. The structure and the streamlining of the order set are two types。
The structure of cisc: von neumann. Examples include 8051 series, m68hc series, at89 series, w78 series, etc。
Risc structure: harvard structure. Examples include pic series, z86 series, avr series, ks57 series, eem78 series, etc. 6. Selection of single machine (2) method of storage
Depending on how the program is stored, single machines can be divided into five categories: romles (no rom in the film, which requires extra-screen extension of eprom), eprom, otprom, flashrom and maskrom. Currently, a single machine mostly places the program memory within it, which greatly facilitates its application. (3) functions
In addition to the basic functions, some single machine interiors may contain the following functional components: serial communication interface (sci), serial exterior interface (spi), pwm, watchdog, d/a converter, a/d converter, display drives such as led, lcd, screen, fluorescent (vfd), keyboard interruption, double multi-sound (dtmf) receiver/occupier, secure communication controller, locking ring (pl), modem, direct memory access (dma), etc. (4) type of single machine
Intel's mcs-51 series, motorola, microchip's pic series, texas instrument (ti)'s msp430 series, atmel's avr series, taiwan's yilong (emc) em78 series. In addition, there are single machine series produced by companies such as zilog, eem78, scenix, nec, epson, ns, samsung, fuston, washington and philips。
Typical single machines are mcs-51, msp430, em78, pic, motorola, avr, etc。
The mcs-51 single machine of intel corporation is the main product, and classic, many semiconductors have launched many compatible chmos single machines - the 80c51 series - using the 8051 foundation of the mcs-51 series. Performance is shown in table 0. 1。
The motoola monopoly is one of the world's largest single machine manufacturers. Full variety, wide choice and many new products. It is characterized by low noise and high resistance to interference, and is more suitable for industrial control and poor environmental performance, as shown in table 0. 2。
Microchip produces pic single machines, which are more rapidly growing market shares. It is characterized by high speed and low price, and applies to products of high volume, low grade and sensitive prices. For low voltage, low utility, large current ccd-driven, low price products, performance is shown in table 0. 3。
7. Summary of typical single-screen performance
The msp430 units produced by texas instrument (ti) are low-voltage, low-capacity products that are more functional and are used mainly in smart areas and four-watch systems. Performance is shown in table 0. 4. The em78 units produced by taiwan's yilong company (emc) are low-cost, low-cost and excellent data processing functions. Performance is shown in table 0. 5。
Atmel produces high-speed, low-capacity products that support isps, iaps and i/os. Performance is shown in table 0. 6. Table 0. 1 mcs-51 series single machine performance list yes
The typical column chip i/o oral timer/calculating device contains 80c314 x 8° 2 x 16° 51128 bytes within the ram series of 80c514 x 8° 2° 51128 bytes 4°kb mask rom87c514 x 8 bytes 16° 4b bytes 4beprom89c514 x 8° 2x16 bytes 4kbe2promo52 series 80c324 x 8 by 61256 bytes 80c 524 x 8 bytes 16 bytes 8° 6° 6° 1256 bytes 8°kb mask 8°m87524 by 8 x 8 byg 16° 61256 bytes 61256 bytes: 0-2 by 0, 0 - 6° 6° 8°c 524 by 8° by 6°k2 by 6° 6°k6 by 8°kb2rom operation:
