In agricultural production, “winterless and springless” is a valuable experience that has been proven by long practice. In the case of chicken fruit crops such as pumpkins and cucumbers, early planning and excavation of planting grounds during the winter can provide a solid basis for the growth, nutrient absorption and high productivity of the following year through scientific soil improvement and pre-treatment. Pumpkin and silkmelon are both deep-rooted crops with well-developed roots and high levels of fertilisation, and deep-earth farming in winter can effectively break the soil sheeting, improve soil aerobics and water-preservative capacity, while reducing the risk of infestation in the coming year by destroying some pathogens and eggs in low-temperature environments. This paper will provide a systematic description of the technical aspects of the winter-drilling of pumpkins and melons from the planning sites, specifications, soil improvement, excavation processes and lateral management, as well as scientific and practical guidance programmes for growers。
I. Core principles and productive advantages of winter-drilling
(i) core principles
Low winter temperatures and low precipitation (except in some areas) and relatively dormant soil, at which point planting nests can be excavated and, on the one hand, the soil can be “frozen”- • water-dwelling ice in the soil and the thawing of soil particles can significantly improve the particle structure of the soil; on the other hand, deep tillage in the winter can mix surface sheeted soils with ground floor biomass, combine organic fertilisation, promote soil microbiological activity, accelerate the transformation of organic matter and provide sustained and stable nutrition for crop growth in the coming year. In addition, deep-slided plantations can effectively capture winter snow and spring rains, improve soil water storage capacity and mitigate the effects of spring drought on the growth of seedlings。
(ii) productive advantage
1. Stronger growth of the roots: the deep soil environment reduces the resistance of the roots to growth, the main roots of the pumpkins and the guacamole can reach deep into the earth, the side roots and the root roots grow, a vast network of root systems is formed, the capacity of crops to absorb moisture and nutrients is enhanced, and the growth and flowering of plants is guaranteed。
2. Reduction of pests and pests: insect bacteria (e. G., aging bacteria) and insect eggs (e. G., aphid eggs, mackerel eggs) in some of the cold and frozen soils during the winter, reduce the initial sources of infestation of pests and pests in the coming year; at the same time, improved soil aerobicity has resulted in an increase in the number of beneficial microorganisms, which can inhibit the reproduction of harmful microorganisms and further reduce pest and pest hazards。
3. More efficient utilization of nutrients: organic fertilizers applied in winter have been decomposed over a long period of time in the soil, converted into quick-effect nutrients that are readily absorbed by crops, avoiding the burning of roots caused by incomplete decomposition of organic fertilizers following the application of fertilizers in spring, and their release is synchronized with crop growth demand, increasing fertilizer utilization。
4. Significant improvements in resilience: improved soil fertility protection, reduced water evaporation in dry years, energy conservation and rapid drainage during multiple rainy seasons, avoidance of root systems of oxygen deficiency and improved crop resilience to drought and floods, while robust strains have enhanced resilience to adverse environments such as extreme temperatures。
Ii. Technological aspects of site planning and selection
(i) location principle
1. Sufficient light: since pumpkins and melons are radiant crops that require no less than six hours of direct light per day, the planting nests should select areas that are open and unshielded, avoiding planting under shades or on the northern side of high buildings, in order to ensure adequate light during the growth of the plant and to promote the development of light cooperation and fruit。
2. The terrain is flat and well drained: slightly higher and flat plots are chosen to avoid low-lying areas of water. Pumpkin, melon root is afraid of flooding and soil water is prone to decomposition. Land parcels are therefore required to have good drainage conditions and, if the terrain is low, can lift the height of their planting grounds to ensure smooth discharge during the rainy season。
3. Soils are fertile and ph appropriate: priority is given to deep, estranged, fertile, organically high soils or sandy soils, avoiding planting in hard clay, saline or soil-infertile plots. Ph values of 6. 0-7. 5 are suitable for the growing soil of pumpkins and silk melons, which, if soil is acidic (ph7. 5), can be improved by adding sulfur powder or corroded organic fertilizers。
4. Avoiding coitus: since pumpkins and filamentals belong to cucumber crops, which can easily lead to the accumulation of pathogens in the soil, causing endemic diseases such as atrophy, root decay, etc., they should avoid plots that have been cultivated for almost two to three years (e. G. Cucumbers, cucumbers, cucumbers, bitter melons) and beams (e. G. Wheat, maize), soybeans (e. G. Soybeans, peas) or cross-flowers (e. G. Cabbage)。
(ii) planning layout
1. Cultivation density and spacing: cultivation density is determined on the basis of the characteristics of the species and the manner in which they are grown. In the field, the plant is larger, with a range of 2. 5 - 3. 0 metres and a range of 1. 5 - 2. 0 metres, with a range of 110 - 170 hectares per acre; the guacamole is strong, with a length of up to 10 metres and a range of 3. 0 - 4. 0 metres and a range of 2. 0 - 2. 5 metres. When growing in large sheds, the range can be reduced appropriately, with the use of acupuncture to maintain a distance of 1. 0 to 1. 5 metres, with 220 to 330 dens per acre。
Cultivation patterns: using a “rolling” pattern, it is desirable to move north-south, so that plants are evenly lighted, well ventilated and pests are reduced. If the plot is small, it can be adapted to the terrain to the east-west direction, provided that there is no shelter between the adjacent plantations。
3. Pre-positioned field access: field access between planting sites of 0. 8-1. 0 metres wide is set aside for later fertilization, watering, whole branching and harvesting。
Iii. Speculation and excavation processes
(i) specification parameters
The specifications of the planting grounds are to be determined on the basis of crop varieties, soil fertility and planting patterns, with the core principle being to ensure sufficient growth space for root systems, while facilitating soil improvement and later management。
1. Specification of an open-field planting house: 40-50 cm deep and 50-60 cm wide. Over-deepness does not allow for the improvement of deep soils, and root systems are limited in growth; over-deepness causes poor soil temperature protection and slow spring warming, which does not allow young seedlings to take root. Over-crowding results in soil nutrients being dispersed and, in the case of small roots, there is insufficient space for expansion。
2. Speculation of large sheds: due to the shallowing of the soil and the need to control the density of the plant, the depth of the plant can be reduced appropriately to 30-40 cm and 40-50 cm to ensure soil improvement in limited space。
3. Special plot adjustments: if the soil is adhesive, the depth of the planting grounds can be increased by 5 to 10 cm, the density can be increased by 10 to 15 cm, and the use of sandy soil and organic fertilizers can be increased when the soil is improved to improve the air permeability of the soil; if the soil is sandy soil, it is less fertile, it can appropriately reduce the depth of the planting sites, increase the use of organic and clay and increase soil preservation capacity。
(ii) excavation process
1. Pre-preparatory preparation: select the time when the winter is clear and the soil is suitable for excavation (the amount of water in the soil is suitable for holding hands in groups, loose and scattered, avoiding excavation when the soil is iced or muddled). Early clearing of weeds, residues and stones within the plots and flattening the plots. Preparation of organic fertilizers (e. G., rotted chicken dung, goat dung, composting, etc.), composite fertilizers, lime, sulfur powder, sandy soil or clay, and tools such as shovels, rollers, hoops, baskets, etc。
2. Pointing: the location of each planting nest is determined by a roll-foot measurement based on the planned planting density and organization, and is marked with lime or wooden sticks to ensure that the spacing and line spacing are uniform。
3. Discrepancies: excavating from marking points with shovels, first excavating 15-20 cm of topsoil from the surface, putting it in a basket or stacking it on one side of the planting nest; then continuing to excavate the lower soil (live soil) and place it on the other side to avoid mixing it with the ground. The excavation can be broken if it encounters a large body of earth, and if underground pests (e. G., tigers) are found, they can be removed in a timely manner。
4. Dwelling: once excavated to the intended depth, the bottom soil is levelled with a hoof and, in the case of hard earth or gravel, further fragmentation or removal is required to ensure that the bottom soil is defusing。
Soil backfilling and improvement: in accordance with the “replacement first, then backfill” principle, the prepared improved materials are even with the soil and then refilled in the planting grounds. This will be done by:
- first tier: 10-15 cm thickly decomposed organic fertilizer (2000-3000 kg per acre) distributed with a small amount of compound fertilizer (20-30 kg per acre and 15:15:15) and then covered with 5-10 cm thick topsoil, which is mixed with the topsoil with hoes, which mainly provide deep nutrients for root system growth。
- second layer: if soil ph is not appropriate, the alkalinity of the soil can be regulated by adding to this layer (e. G. 50-100 kg per acre or 10-20 kg per acre of sulfur powder), evenly mixed with topsoil and small amounts of organic fertilizers。
- third layer: continue to fill back to the surface, with 10-20 per cent sandy soil if the soil is sticky, and 10-15 per cent clay if the soil is sandy, evenly smoothed back to the ground level or slightly above 5-10 cm (to prevent the accumulation of water during the rainy season). The backfilling process should be carried back to fill the edge pressure to avoid the soil being too loose to cause spring water to collapse。
Marking and protection: once filled back, lime or wooden sticks will again be marked at the centre of the plantation to facilitate planting or planting in the spring of the following year. When wind is high in the winter, a layer of straw or membrane can be covered on the surface of the planting house, reducing soil moisture evaporation and wind erosion, while increasing soil temperature and promoting organic fertilisation。
Iv. Key technologies for soil improvement
Soil improvement is at the heart of winter-drilling nests and directly affects soil fertility and crop growth in the coming years. The demand for nutrients in pumpkins and melons is comprehensive, requiring not only a large number of elements, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but also moderate trace elements, such as calcium, magnesium, iron and boron, so that soil improvement takes into account organic supplements, nutrient balances and improved soil structure。
(i) technology for organic fertilization
Organic fertilizer is the core material for improving soil structure and increasing soil fertility, and the following points need to be noted in winter applications:
1. Selection of high-quality decomposed organic fertilizers: priority is given to the use of fully decomposed organic fertilizers such as chicken dung, goat dung, pig dung, composting, fattening, and avoiding the use of uncomposed organic fertilizers (e. G. Fresh manure). Unfertilized organic fertilizers produce high temperatures when fermenting in the soil, which can lead to the burning of crops, as well as the release of harmful gases, such as ammonia gas, affecting the growth of plants and possibly carrying pathogens and eggs。
Control application: the application rate is generally 2000 - 3,000 kg per acre, based on soil fertility. Soil infertile plots can be appropriately increased to 3,000-4,000 kg and fertile plots can be reduced to 1500-2000 kg, avoiding over-application leading to soil nutrient imbalances。
3. Holistic mixing: organic fertilizer needs to be fully mixed with soil, avoiding concentration, ensuring a balanced distribution of nutrients in the soil and facilitating the full absorption of roots。
(ii) inorganic fertilizer mix technology
Inorganic fertilizer can be applied in appropriate quantities during the winter to provide quick-impact nutrients for crop growth in the coming year, subject to the control of usage to avoid nutrient loss and soil sheeting。
1. Fertilizer type selection: select either a combination of potassium nitrous phosphorus (15:15:15) or ammonium phosphate (18% nitrogen and 46% phosphorus) with a small amount of potassium fertilizer (e. G. Potassium sulphate). Pumpkin, silk melons require more nitrogen, phosphate is more needed for flowering, and winter combinations meet nutrient needs at different stages of growth。
Application control: 20-30 kg of compound fertilizer or 15-20 kg of ammonium phosphate per acre with potassium sulphate of 10-15 kg. Fertilizers are applied in a manner that is balanced with organic fertilizer and soil, avoiding direct contact with the root system (when seeding or shifting in the spring)。
(iii) micromaterial supplementation technologies
The lack of micronutrients can lead to poor growth of pumpkins, filamentals, such as calcium, which can cause umbilical disease, and the lack of boron, which can lead to flowering fruit, which requires appropriate additions to moderate trace elements in winter soil improvement。
1. Supplementary means: specially designed micronutrient fertilizers (e. G., fertilizer, boron fertilizer), 20-30 kg per acre, 1-2 kg per acre, evenly mixed with organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers and soil, may be used to supplement micronutrients with agricultural fertilizers such as corroded straw and grasswood ash。
Caution: the application of moderate and trace elements is subject to the “modity principle” and excessive application may lead to nutrient stress and affect the absorption of other elements。
(iv) soil acid alkalinity regulation techniques
Poor soil alkalinity affects nutrient effectiveness and root system growth, and can be regulated by soil ph in winter。
1. Acid soil regulation: soil ph
Alkaline soil regulation: 10-20 kg of sulfur powder per acre or acidic organic fertilizers such as manure, chicken dung, at 7. 5 ph > soil, evenly mixed with soil and lower soil ph。
V. Back management and spring applications
(i) post-winter management
Soil wetting: soil evaporation is small in winter, but some humidity is still needed to promote organic fertilisation and soil micro-organisms. In the event of a winter drought, a small amount of water can be sprayed on the surface of the planting grounds, maintaining a soil water content of 60-70 per cent (pandled and loose); in the event of heavy rain and snow, the drains around the planting sites need to be cleaned in time to avoid water accumulation。
2. Prevention of soil slabs: in winter, when snow and snow weather is heavy, the surface of the soil is compact, and when snow is over, the surface of the nest (deep 5-10 cm) needs to be grown in a timely manner, breaking the slabs and maintaining soil permeability。
3. Weed removal: if weeds start to grow in the winter, it is necessary to remove them manually in time to avoid competition for nutrients and moisture between weeds and crops in the coming year。
(ii) spring applications
1. Preparation for seeding or replanting: one or two days after the spring soil is unfrozen (the temperature is stable above 10°c), before seeding or replanting, with light tillage of the planting grounds (10-15 cm depth), and with a levelling of the soil surface, which, if the soil is insufficiently conditioned, can be pre-fed to ensure sufficient moisture after seeding or seeding。
2. Plantation techniques: pumpkin can be broadcast live or seeded, with three to four seeds per pod, 2 to 3 centimetres of covered soil and water wetting; zigado uses seedlings, opts for strong seedlings during planting, carries earthy seedlings, avoids injury and then waters the roots。
3. Shrimp management: in case of low-temperature weather, seedlings can cover the membranes or straw on the surface of the planting nest, increase soil temperature and promote seedling growth. When the seedlings are alive, the seedlings are detected in a timely manner to ensure that one to two seedlings (one for pumpkins and one to two for melons) are found in each nest。
4. Combining the spring fertilization: the first fattening can be combined with water, 10-15 kg of urea per acre or decomposition of thin manure to promote the growth of the seedlings; the second fertilization can be carried out during the flowering period, with 30-40 kg of compound fertilizer per acre and 15-20 kg of potassium to meet the nutrient demand for flowering results。
Vi. Notes
1. Timing: it is desirable that winter excavations take place between late november and early december, when the soil is not fully iced, easily excavated and has sufficient time for soil improvement and organic fertilization; avoiding excavation after the soil is frozen, not only increasing labour intensity but also potentially destroying soil structures。
2. Safe handling: safety during excavations is required to avoid injuries from shovels; mechanical excavations (e. G., small excavators) may be used to increase efficiency if the plots are large, but mechanical excavations require manual soil levelling to ensure that the planting grounds are uniform and that the soil is lax。
3. Locally adapted: land types, climatic conditions vary from region to region, and plant-dependency specifications, use of soil improvement materials, etc., need to be adapted to local realities and cannot be carried out blindly。
4. Rotation: after winter-drilling of planting nests, a system of rotation should be strictly enforced for the cultivation of pumpkins and filaments in the spring, so as to avoid the practice, and before cropping or replanting can take place in the spring, the soil of the plant should be disinfected with microbicides such as polybicides and methyltobuzin to reduce the incidence of endemic diseases。
The winter-drilling of pumpkins and guacamoles is a “half-future” production technique that, through scientific planning of sites, standardized excavation processes and effective soil improvement, can fundamentally improve soil physico-chemicality, optimize crop-growth environments and provide solid guarantees for the healthy growth and high productivity of pumpkins and melons in the coming year. In practice, growers need to apply technical elements in a flexible manner, taking into account local soil conditions, climatic characteristics and variety characteristics, to enhance field management and to maximize the productive advantage of winter-drilling. It is confident that, through careful winter preparations and scientific management in the spring, the “winter-deeping-and-crawling” production target will be achieved, giving new impetus to efficiency gains in agricultural production。
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