Autumn, known as cream of café, is a one-year herbivage plant, known as croissant beans, peppers and tomatoes, which are special vegetables of edible, nutritional and economic value. Its acupunctures are soft and soft, rich in a variety of nutrients, widespread cultivation in the global tropical, subtropical and temperate regions, and a variety of high-quality vegetables grown throughout the north and south of the country. This paper will provide a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the knowledge of the autumn from sources, distributions, growth characteristics, species types, product functions, and planting techniques。
I. Origin of autumn
Autumn origin, which is now widely recognized as having originated in the tropics of africa and gradually spread to various parts of the globe, is based on two dominant hypotheses in botanical circles。
1. Originology of africa: according to most botanical studies, autumn originates in the tropical regions of africa, ethiopia and west africa, which are centres of diversity of autumn plants, and where wild autumn near-spectrum species are widely distributed and where they are grown. Africa, as the birthplace of the autumn, has a long history of wild collection and cultivation and is the core region of the evolution of the autumn species。
2. Dissemination and domestication in asia: autumn was introduced into asia in the prehistoric era through trade, migration, etc., and india was one of the first regions in asia to domesticate the autumn and one of the world's richest species. Autumn was then gradually spread to the middle east, europe and the americas, and in the mid-eighteenth century the united states began seeding, first in china in the early twentieth century and then in the south-east coast, and then gradually spread throughout the country。
China's indigenous record: we have a long history of aluminum plants. The form and growth habits of acorns are described in detail in the mingdai basics. However, most of the species introduced in the twentieth century from india, japan and the united states of america are modern aluminum plants, which have been cultivated over the years and have developed into systems suitable for our climate。
Ii. Distribution of autumn
(i) global distribution
Autumn is warmer and more resilient and is now widely spread across the global tropical, subtropical and temperate regions, with core planting areas concentrated in africa, asia and the americas. Among them, india is the world's largest autumn producer, and countries such as pakistan, egypt, nigeria, the united states and the philippines are also major growing countries; countries in europe, the middle east and south-east asia have small-scale cultivation as a niche market for vegetable supply。
(ii) china distribution
Autumn cultivation in the country is extensive and presents a pattern of “centralization in the south, expansion in the north”:
1. The main production areas of the south: guangdong, guangxi, fujian, yunnan, sichuan, guizhou, hunan and jiangxi provinces, with warm and humid climates, with the main emphasis on field cultivation, are traditional areas of autumn cultivation, with high yields and long supply cycles。
2. The northern growing areas: the provinces of shandong, henan, hebei, jiangsu, anhui, etc., with agricultural techniques such as large sheds, greenhouses, etc., have been able to scale up the autumn, counter-seasonal cultivation to compensate for the short seasons of the northern field, which are available throughout the year。
3. Sporadic areas: in parts of the north-east and north-west, short-season field planting, or greenhouse-planting, is conducted only in the warmth of summer, on a smaller scale, mainly for local consumption。
Iii. Autumn growth characteristics
Autumn is a typical hot crop with specific requirements for growth and development of the environment, with the following core growth characteristics:
1. Temperature demand: warmth, heat resistance and ice resistance. Seed sprouts are 25-30°c, or less than 15°c, slowly; plants grow 25-30°c, with a temperature of not less than 20°c during flowering, with a temperature above 35°c still growing normally, with growth below 10°c stagnating, and frozen plants dying rapidly。
2. Light demand: radiant crops, impatience, need for sufficient light during growth, and light per day is not less than six hours long, with strong, flowering results and good fruit quality; insufficient light can easily lead to the planting of long, small flowers, high fruit and reduced production and quality。
Soil demand: the soil is more adaptable, but is best served by deep, estranged, well drained, organically rich or sandy soil, with ph 6. 0-6. 8. Obsessed soil is thick and low-lying, otherwise the root causes are likely to decomposition and affect plant growth。
4. Water demand: drought-resistant, wet-resistant but not flood-resistant. The water required for the seeding period is moderate, so that the soil is wet enough; during the flowering period, the amount of water required is high and the water needed to be replenished in a timely manner in order to ensure that the fruit will swell; and during the rainy season, water will be discharged in a timely manner in order to avoid the planting of water in the field leading to rotting roots and flowers。
5. Growth cycle: approximately 7-8 months of total fertility, ranging from sowing to harvesting of poachers it takes 60-70 days for harvest to last 3-4 months. It is also broadcast live and has the capacity to grow seedlings and grow them in a direct manner. It is developed, has a high capacity of 1 - 2. 5 metres, leaves are born to each other, and flowers are born on their own, and can be harvested three or four days after the flowers are cut。
6. Root characteristics: the roots are developed, deep in depths of more than 1 metre, the sides are widely distributed, the absorbent water fertilities are strong, the plants are growing and growing, the branches are strong, and the medium- and long-term branches need to be properly integrated to ensure ventilation。
Iv. Varieties of autumn
Autumn species are diverse and can be divided into the following broad categories, according to the form of the plant, the colour of the fruit, and the complication, and the variety is adapted to different planting scenarios and consumption needs:
(i) classification by plant height
1. Short-sized species: small branches of 1 - 1. 5 metres high, compact, free of stairwelling, suitable for dense planting, family balcony cultivation or facilities cultivation, simple management. Representative species: taiwan qingfu, early-born autumn, green star dwarf, early ripening, easy harvesting and moderate production。
2. High-drive varieties: a plant of 1. 5-2. 5 metres high, with multiple branches, with large quantities and high yields, supported by scaffolding, suitable for large-scale field cultivation. Representative species: green five, japan five point, kariba, medium and late ripe, fruit berries long, of good quality, durable transport, suitable for fresh food and processing。
(ii) categorized by the colour of the fruit
1. Green autumn: the market is dominated by green or deep green acupuncture, fruit beauty, fine meat, slime, good taste, adaptability and the largest area under cultivation. Representative species: taiwan five fries, kariba, new tokyo five, suitable for various food methods such as fresh food, chowery, soup, etc。
2. Red autumn: specialty varieties, straws, leaf blades and acupunctures are purple red, with high plume content, high nutritional value, high value for viewing, suitable for sightseeing gardens, specialty cultivation. Representative species: red autumn, purple autumn, late ripening, short pickles, close taste to green autumn, high market premium。
(iii) classification by certification
1. Pre-cooked varieties: short reproductive periods, 55 to 60 days after seeding, high yield in the preceding period, suitable for early spring facilities or short-season planting. Representative varieties: early green, taiwan five happiness, small plant, concentrated results。
Medium-predented species: 65-75 days of childbearing, strong growth, steady production and high adaptability, the dominant species of open cultivation. Representative species: kariba, green five, both production and quality, suitable for large-scale cultivation。
3. Late-cut varieties: long-planted, long-planted, long-growing, long-harvesting, high-yielding, suitable for long-season planting in the south. Representative species: red autumn, japanese autumn autumn, highly heat-resistant, and high-temperature seasons are sustainable。
(iv) classification by fruit
1. Angular shears: the shears with a pentagon, with a smooth and well-dressed shape, are the most popular fruit in the market, representing a variety: the japanese pentagon, the green five。
Multi-angle fruit shears: fruit shears with a hexagonal angle or more, with a slightly thick body, high yield, suitable for processing purposes, representing a variety: high-yield, multi-angled sunflower。
Cyclops: have no angles, are full, are finer, have high levels of slime, are suitable for fresh food, and represent species: round leaves and akills。
V. The role of the products of the autumn
Autumn is full of treasures, which are accessible to agglomerations, seeds and leaves, and are characterized as “vegetable gold”, with multiple values such as edible nutrition, medicinal health care and industrial processing。
(i) nutritional value of consumption
1. Precipice: autumn acupuncture is a core food component, rich in proteins, dietary fibres, vitamin a, vitamin c, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, selenium and other nutrients, and contains unique mucous proteins (arabic, semi-emulsifiable, etc.) with a soft taste. Roast, hot, fried, fried, stewed, saladed, pickled pickled, etc. Are healthy vegetables for all ages。
2. Other parts of the food: fresh leaves can be made and cooked as green leaves and vegetables; flowers can make tea with fresh fragrances; mature seeds are rich in fat and protein, and roasted flour can be used as a substitute or additive for coffee, free of caffeine, and of unique flavor。
(ii) drug health effects
Autumn is cold and odoury, which is considered by chinese doctors to have the effect of osteoporosis, painkilling, intestine proficient, etc., and modern medical research has confirmed the value of its health care:
1. Gastrointestinal protection: mucous proteins form protective membranes in the gastrointestinal mucous membranes, reduce irritation, promote digestion, alleviate discomfort, etc., and improve constipation。
2. Increased immunity: vitamin c, methadone-rich substances and multiple trace elements that remove free radicals, increase the immune capacity of the organism and are resistant to oxidation and ageing。
3. Regulating blood sugar resin: dietary fibres can slow sugar absorption and reduce blood cholesterol levels, suitable for consumption by diabetic, high blood resin populations。
Supplementary nutrition: calcium is rich and easily assimilated, suitable for children and the elderly, and promotes bone development; zinc and selenium contribute to reproductive health, known as “sporters' vegetables”。
(iii) industrial and economic values
Seed utilization: autumn seeds can extract oils from oil, and autumn seed oils are rich in unsaturated fatty acid, are good-quality edible oils and can be used as biodiesel raw materials with energy development value。
Fibre utilization: fracking fibres are robust and can be processed into textile and paper raw materials; root extracts can be used as natural food densification agents for food processing。
3. Value: autumn flowers are large and radiant, yellow petals are combined with purple and red hearts, and have a long duration that can be planted in courtyards, flower horticultures, with a dual value for reward and food。
Vi. Autumn cultivation techniques
Autumn planting techniques are simple to operate and field and facility cultivation is possible. The following core technical points are appropriate for the size of farming households and family basins:
(i) land selection and landscape
1. Land selection: choosing of rich light, good drainage, deep earth or sandy soil, associated with acacias such as cotton, eggplants, tomatoes, etc., and tomato crops in order to avoid the exacerbation of endemic diseases。
2. Fertilization of the whole field: 25-30 cm before planting, removal of weeds, stones, plastering, 1-1. 2 m wide, 30-40 cm wide and 25 cm deep, for drainage and field management. Per acre decomposed farmers have 2000-3,000 kg of fertilizer and 30-50 kg of potassium nitrogen phosphorus compound fertilizer, which is evenly distributed and mixed with soil and flattens the surface。
(ii) cultivation
1. Seeding time: field planting, seeding in the south in march-april, planting in the north in april-may, stabilization of temperature above 15°c; installation planting can be done early until february-march, and the morning market can be achieved。
Seed treatment: autumn shells are hard, and seedlings are required before seeding. Infestation with 25-30°c warm water for 12-24 hours, leached and incubated at 25-30°c, washed with water once a day and seeded after four to five days of white。
3. Scropping methods: - live broadcasts: 2 lines per acre, 40-50 cm in length and 60-80 cm in range, dig and sow, 2-3 seedes per lacuna, 2-3 cm in pelvis, pour water, approximately 0. 5 kg per acre。
- cultivation of seedlings: seedlings are sowed on a nursery or nursery that they grow up to 3 to 4 real leaves, 10 to 15 cm tall, are planted with earthy material, avoid root damage, and then water the roots。
(iii) field management
1. Interstellar seedlings: live seedlings produce 2-3 leaf-time seedlings to remove weak, sick and small seedlings; 4-5 leaf-bearing seedlings leave a strong seedling in each den to ensure the planting of plant space。
2. Weeding in chinese tillage: tillage during the planting season, defusing the soil, raising the temperature of the ground, removing weeds and avoiding the competition for water fattening between weeds and plants; one or two times before the flowering results, with timely weed removal in the mid-term and later stages, to cover the membrane to reduce weed growth。
3. Fertilizer management: - fertilizers are applied: the application of urea 5-10 kg per acre is followed by the application of urea to promote the growth of seedlings; the recovery of fertilizers during the flowering period, 15-20 kg per acre of potassium nitrous phosphorus applied, once every 15-20 days, in conjunction with the spraying of potassium phosphate on the leaves, to improve the sitting rate and the quality of fruit。
- watering: moist soil during seeding periods and water management; heavy water requirements during flowering, timely watering during drought, use of ditches or drip irrigation to avoid flooding; and timely drainage during rainy season to prevent the accumulation of water in fields。
4. Whole arrays: set up with a pole or a wooden stick to prevent inversion when a strain is 50 cm or above; short-lived species need not be mounted, but must be removed in a timely manner to improve ventilation and reduce nutrient consumption; and, in cases of excessive side branches, properly remove weak branches, retain strong side branches and increase the yield。
(iv) pest management
Autumn disease and pests are relatively small, mainly in agriculture, supported by chemical control and guided by the principle of prevention and control of vegetables without public hazards:
1. Prevention and control of diseases: the main diseases are diseases such as disease, virus and leaf. In the early stages of the epidemic, the disease is treated with mercuric manganese zinc and toxoid sprays; in the early stages of the disease, the disease is treated mainly with aphids, which are treated with virulence and bacterial intoxication; and in the case of foliage, which is sprayed once every 7 to 10 days and two to three times。
2. Pest control: the main pests are aphids, cotton bellworms, tremors and zeach flies. Aphids and aphids are treated with acne spray; cotton bellies are treated with thionphos-methyl emulsion, chlorothiochlor; and zeach fly is sprayed with avulsin, choosing low-toxic and low-residency pesticides, which are discontinued seven days before harvest。
(v) timely collection
1. Time of harvest: 7-8 days after flowering, young herds grow up to 8-12 cm, green fruit, tender fruit, seed not hardened, early harvest is low, late fruit is fibrosis and bad taste。
2. Collection methods: harvest time is selected in the morning, with scissors cut from the handle of the fruit in order to avoid pull-on damage to the plant; gloves are used to prevent stinging of the skin。
3. Harvesting cycles: the harvest period lasts three to four months and is collected every two to three days. Timely harvest can facilitate follow-up results and increase total production。
(vi) retention
Select a strong, insect-free, multi-results plant to be planted, and select a central fruit picker for full maturation, yellowing and thawing, drying off of grains, screening for full-filled seeds, dry storage, and seeding the following year。
