Stephen zweig, austrian novelist, poet, playwright, biographer。
The delegates wrote a mid-term novel, " a strange woman's letter " and " chess story " , a long novel, " the burning of the heart " , a memoir of " yesterday's world " , a biography of " three masters " and " a portrait of a political figure " 。
Zweig was born in wealthy jewish families, young people studied philosophy and literature in vienna and berlin, and later travelled around the world with roman roland and freud, among others, and was greatly affected。
Poetry, novels, dramas, literature, biographies are the most well known achievements of biography and novels。
During the first world war, anti-war work was carried out, expelled by the nazis in 1934 and exiled in britain and brazil。
On 22 february 1942, the world was set off with the second wife, hampty, who paid the excess barbitur in the outskirts of rio de janeiro, brazil。
61 years old。
This move shocked the world's literature。
His suicide was deplored by those who were angry, who became increasingly confused about the future, who were seen as a sign of cowardice, and who who praised his death as an expression of “mysterious greatness”。
So, what is it that brings this popular writer to the end of his 33-year-old young wife
01 during the period of youth with a smooth wind
Born on 28 november 1881 in vienna, the capital of the austro-hungarian empire. Mothers are from the financial family and fathers are a textile entrepreneur who loves literature and music。
This was at that time an elite family belonging to the upper austrian society。
At that time, vienna was an international culture comparable to that of paris, and zweig, growing up in a rich cultural atmosphere and freedom, loved literature as a child。
As an austrian-born, respected, sensitive and highly dignified jew, he recalled that “there was no problem or discrimination”。
In 1898, a 17-year-old zweig published his first poem in a magazine, from which he was irreconcilably taken to the path of deep ties to literature。
In 1899, tswig high school graduated。
In 1900, he was as young as 19 years old and had 200 poems; he studied philosophy and literature at the university of vienna and berlin, followed by contacts with tolstoy and dostoyevsky, and studied and translated poetry in podler, france, and ver haren, belgium。
In 1901, the first book of poems, the silver string, was published, recording 50 poems。
In 1902, he was transferred to the university of berlin to study philosophy; the first novel, travel out, was published in the viennese newspaper; a collection of podler poetry was published; and a collection of ver harun poetry was selected。
In 1904, he graduated from university and obtained a doctorate in the philosophy of tenar, then became a professional writer, editor of the new freedom newspaper, published the first book, alikae wald's love, and recorded four novels in snow, " alikae wald's love " and " the miracle of life " ; he then travelled to western europe, north africa, india, the americas, where he had contacts with prominent personalities in the arts and literature。
Since 1908, he has been in communication with freud for more than two decades and has been a close friend of belgian poets, ver harun, roman roland of france, rodin and others。
His engagement with these eminent personalities has opened his eyes to a rapidly growing level of creativity and has given rise to a “world vision” that he will always be proud of。
Until the first world war, zweig went well。
On the night before the first world war, zweig was on vacation in belgium, where he was betting that there would be no war。
02 after the first world war, the war was fought
Although he was betting that there would be no war, world war i came suddenly. That shot in sarajevo broke the safe and rational world in which people lived。
A wave of nationalism has begun in the warring countries. Shakespeare was expelled from the german theatre and mozart and gwana from the french and british concert halls. Social fanaticism engulfed europe and even the majority of writers in the country at the time joined in calling for help。
The whole country was in a state of blind and biased social sentiment. But zweig was sober, writing " to friends of foreign countries" on 19 september 1914, opposing division and murder, and clearly expressing his loyalty to friendship, clearly suggesting that european culture should be rebuilt with friends whenever they had the opportunity。
Who would have expected that after the article was published in the berlin daily newspaper, he was isolated and subjected to many arguments。
At that time, he was not recruited for physical reasons and was assigned to work in the library, where he was sent to collect information in 1915。
After the front lines had witnessed the depth of the civilian population, the resolve to fight back at zweig became stronger, convinced that the war would fail, and he wrote the counter-war script " jeremiah " . In 1917, jeremiah was published with great success. Because two and a half years after the war, the brutal devastation that was displayed has already made most of us abominable, and jeremiah just happens to speak out。
Zweig was bolder than ever before, and he went to switzerland to perform the play, and he didn't care if it was a kind of “treason” to meet roman roland in secret, and then wrote "the three masters" for three so-called enemy writers, balzak, dickens, dostoyevsky, with the aim of calling for national kindness and opposing war。
After the end of the war in 1918, zweig and his compatriots experienced severe post-war famine and extremely exaggerated inflation。
At that time, speculation was everywhere, people were changing their minds in chaos, and moral depraved, causing zweig to lament。
He lived in salzburg for a long time after 1919, and wrote。
In 1920, wed wendnitz, divorced and with two children, and created " three masters " 。
In 1922, the second novel published in the chain novel, "tropical epidemiology patients " , reproduced in tropical epidemiology patients, " miracle night " , " a strange woman's letter " , "living her heart " , etc., wrote about the lust of adulthood and presented the mentality of adult men and women controlled by desire, who, driven by subconscious, committed the so-called “crime of passion”。
In the two decades between the first world war and the second world war, zweig entered the age of maturity of creativity and the golden age of his creation, not only in alarming numbers, but also in a very good name。
The three masters have opened the way, and many novels, such as the letter from a strange woman, have been transformed into plays and films, and the star of mankind shines almost in hand in schools and their works are translated into multinational languages。
There are magazine statistics, and he was the author of the most translated work at the time。
03 "world war ii" fanatical anti-semitism. He left his country and died of despair
Shortly after hitler came to power in 1933, a congressional fire was set in motion to provoke the communist party. At the time, berlin was showing the film " the secrets of burning " , adapted by the novels of zweig, which had nothing to do with it, but the nazis were disheartened and sensitive, and the film was immediately banned, immediately followed by an unprecedented campaign of rejection of jews, where the air of society as a whole seemed poisoned and the culture of the country was covered with white terror。
The fanatics burned books of progressive and jewish writers in the square, and the books of zweig were banned from selling them and no reader or friend ever wrote to him again。
In 1934, zweig was taken from his home for no reason. He was humiliated and had to leave his country to move to the united kingdom and start living in exile。
In 1938, when austria was incorporated into germany, he became a british national and soon left for the united states。
In 1939, when the second world war broke out, austria was invaded; it lost its nationality。
When he went to brazil through new york in 1940, when fascist forces flourished, and writers watched his “mentional homeland of europe” fall into despair, he said, “for forty years i have devoted all my strength to the aspiration of peaceful european reunification. I fear that humans will kill each other more than my own death.”
After more than three decades of accumulation, tswig, a collection of famous manuscripts, has accumulated the manuscripts of the great artists of the various times who are said to be full of boxes, and, in the turbulent years of war, he has been unable to continue his collection by donating some of them to the vienna library and selling some of them。
His more than 30-year-old research on balzac was also interrupted。
The building blocks of life were completely shattered。
Despite its persistence in the fight against war and its support for many exiles, tswig refused to take part in any political campaign against the nazis, which exposed his character weaknesses. He himself confessed: “my nature is alien to heroism, and my natural attitude in any dangerous situation always hides.”
In 1942, he completed the autobiography of yesterday's world, in which he wrote, in the preamble, “these memories reflect at least the life before my life enters the meditate”, and the mind of farewell is now invisible, and in the title of the autobiography he quotes shakespeare: “we deserve this era”。
On 22 february 1942, he chose to die. At the end, he wrote: “for me, intellectual labour is the purest pleasure, and personal freedom is the noblest asset in the world. I salute all my friends! May they see the sun rise through this long night! And i'm the one who's going to go first."
As a jew, he was proud and self-esteemed, but he lived in an age of neglecting him, discriminating against him, abandoning him and setting him up, so that there was no place for him in europe, no reader, no dignity, no place like a dead dog, no place but a place to live in。
He was so peace-loving, he longed for peace and freedom, but the world had failed, as he thought, and he had to tear, struggle, and then struggle, and then he had to tear, cut, and end up committing suicide, like a rope that had been pulled and broken。
04 at the end
What he did not know was that, in the second half of the year, a major turn had taken place in the anti-fascist battlefield。
The sun is about to rise, but he has unfortunately not been able to pass through the deepest darkness before the dawn。
Following the death of zweig, the president of brazil ordered the national burial of the master, precisely because he wrote a series of literary works as profound and sophisticated as a letter from a strange woman。
This is unprecedented for a foreigner。
After 1945, zweig's works first in the united states and japan, then in the soviet union, but in german-speaking countries alone seemed to be forgotten。
Until 1981, on the centennial of the birth of zweig, the zweig works were reprinted by the federal german s. Fisher press, his short title, “the wonder night”, “the disturbance of emotions”, his writer's biography, “the three masters fighting the devil”, his historical figure's biography, “joseph fouche”, “mary antonnett”, and his only long novel, “love and compassion”, were published successively and repeatedly。
Zweig is the author of the most translated modern german language。
Freud assessed him: “the zweig master of language is pure, he is good at expressing an object, making its finest and most specific.”
“zweig is the noble voice of the austrian civil society and the best depictor of their abilities and weaknesses, their charms and their despair,” said roman roland, a good friend
And he himself wrote: “he can only live through light and darkness, peace and war, prosperity and decay”
In that case, he was living a real life。
