For those who have just been promoted as parents, it is certainly a new challenge. When the baby cries, it is busy feeding, sleeping and caring for it, and it is afraid that it will accidentally do something wrong, affecting its growth and development. There is a great variety of methods of raising children in the marketplace, the experience of the elderly, the eccentricity of the internet, and what is the truth and what is wrong
Child-rearing is not as complex as it is, without superstition or excessive anxiety, and with the core knowledge of science and authority, most pits can be easily avoided. Today's article, which combines the child-rearing guidelines issued by the national commission for health and welfare, the data of the authorities, the full range of knowledge about the feeding, care, sleep, safety, development, etc. Of children aged 0-3 years, and the absence of false language, the new parents and fathers will simply keep it in their possession, and will be fully loaded and functional。
I. Knowledge of feeding: right to eat is the basis, not to let the wrong feeding hurt the child
Feeding is a top priority for child-rearing, and the baby eats well. It is directly related to height, weight, immunity and brain development. Many new parents have stepped on the pit to feed, either by feeding more, or by feeding less, or by adding the time and method of supplementary feeding。
(i) 0-6 months: exclusive breast milk/formulation feeding, bearing in mind these points
Breastfeeding is the preferred option, and gold primary milk is wasted
The world health organization (who) and the national commission on human rights (cndh) have agreed to recommend that children aged 0-6 months adhere to exclusive breastfeeding without the need to add any water, supplements and drinks. Breast-milk is the best food for the baby and contains all the nutrients and antibodies necessary for its growth, which can significantly reduce the probability of diarrhoea, cold and allergies。
The baby should be milked as early as one hour after birth, with a yellow and small primary milk colour, but rich in immunoglobin, which will help the baby to build the first immune line, and do not crowd out. New-born babies breastfeed 8-12 times a day, with the night cumulator three times the day, insisting that the night milk is better than the milk, and also ensuring that the baby is fed。
2. Formula-based milk feeding, flushing and standard feeding
A child who is unable to breastfeed is only able to choose a formula that meets the national criteria, and is reluctant to change milk powder at will and adjust the adjustment rate without permission. The powdering of milk must be strictly in accordance with the instructions, first watered and then powdered, the temperature of which is controlled at 40-50 °c, the fever can destroy the milking nutrients, and the coolness can cause the baby to suffer from stomach disorders。
The amount of milk powder is adjusted as needed, with the newborn being fed at 30-60 ml per child every 2-3 hours, increasing gradually as the monthly age increases. The assessment of the adequacy of the baby's milk is based on the following two indicators: six urinals per day and light yellow urine; and a steady increase in body weight, which does not exceed 10 per cent within one week of birth, followed by an increase of 150-200 g per week。
Don't touch these feeding faults
No water, no rice soup, no honey water for 0-6 months, no water in breast milk and formula milk are fully sufficient to meet demand, water can add to the kidney burden, honey water can cause botulinum poisoning; no breast feeding can easily cause breast-feeding and ear inflammation, which can also affect the development of the baby's teeth; breast feeding must be accompanied by hiccup, a small empty palm patting back 5-10 minutes, ventilating the inside air and reducing the amount of milk and gas。
(ii) 6-22 months: scientific supplements to catch iron period
The national board of health and welfare has clearly stated that the baby must be fed at the end of six months, not earlier than four months and not later than eight months, when breast milk and formula are no longer able to meet the child's growth needs, especially iron, which is stored in the baby after six months, and when iron is not filled in time for iron deficiency anaemia. Data from the china center for disease control show that iron deficiency anaemia among 6-24-month-old infants is detected at 27. 6 per cent, with the main reason for the inappropriate addition of complementary foods。
1. Accomplishment principle: from small to dense, from thin to thick, from one to more
The first meal, which is first selected for high iron powder, is adapted for two to three days and is then gradually added to the sluice, fruit mud, mashed meat and yolk. 7-8 months for the addition of crumbs, shredded meat, rotten noodles, 9-12 months for the transition to tin and small pieces of food and the exercise of chewing power。
Children aged 6 to 9 months receive one to two extra meals per day and breastfeed 4 to 5; for 9 to 12 months, the number of supplementary foods has increased to 2 to 3, breast-feeding 3 to 4 and the diet has gradually become the staple food。
2. Feeding and feeding
The daily intake of high iron foods (red slurry, animal livers, high iron powder), quality proteins (eggs, fish, shrimp), vitamins (dark vegetables, fruit) is guaranteed, with no salt, sugar, sauce, odor, etc. At the age of one year, thus avoiding an additional kidney burden and developing heavy diets。
(iii) 1-3 years: balanced diet and development of good eating habits
Children aged 1-3 years require energy of 1000-1400 kcal per day, a balanced mix of cereals, vegetables, fruits, meat and egg milk, cereals of 50-100g, vegetables of 100-150g (over half of the dark vegetables), fruit of 100-150g and meat and egg milk of 50-75g。
Stop eating snacks, drinks, regular meals, no feeding, no feeding, let the baby eat for himself, develop self-eating habits, and avoid picking or eating。
Ii. Day-to-day care: the details are in place, the baby is less ill and more comfortable
New parents often ignore the details of day-to-day care, but the small things of wearing clothes, bathing, skin care, oral care have a direct impact on the comfort and health of the baby, and good care can reduce the baby's crying and the likelihood of illness。
(i) clothes care: no heat, no heat
The baby metabolizes quickly, is more hot than an adult, and wears “one less than an adult” and “sweats and sweats behind the neck” principle, not too thick. Fearing that the baby is cold, many older people wear multi-story clothing, thick covers, which can easily lead to heat syndrome, light sweating, wet rashes, heavy dehydration, oxygen deficiency and life-threatening conditions。
In spring and autumn, wearing pure cotton-ventilated clothing, in summer shorts, in thin cotton in the winter room and out with a windproof jacket, the baby's hands and feet are normal and do not have to be deliberately warmed。
(ii) skin care: avoiding rashes, red fart problems
1. Neonatal foetal resins are not deliberately rinsed; they are washed with hot water after birth, and they protect their skin, which is self-defeating; the baby is tender, bathing with warm water for a period of up to 10 minutes per day, drying up in a timely manner, covering the baby with wet cream and preventing drying and rashes。
2. Red-ass ass care: cleans the buttocks with hot water every time you pee, drys them and drys them up; selects, as far as possible, pure cotton, air-ventilated urine and avoid allergies。
(iii) oral care: protection of teeth from childhood and avoidance of decay
The baby begins to grow teeth in about six months, and warms water with a bacterium veil before coming out of the tooth, wipes teeth, mouths, cleans milk stains every day; uses a baby's toothbrush after long teeth, brushes teeth early and late, without toothpaste, and uses a small amount of non-fluorinated toothpaste after one year of age。
Data from the american dental association show that masturbation causes abnormality in permanent teeth of up to 67 per cent, and that it is important not to think that the tooth is not cared for, and that after one year of age, the night's milk is stopped, the nipples are reassured and the bottle is avoided。
(iv) oyster care: dry and clean to avoid infection
Until the cord is removed, it is kept dry every day with the root of the iodine-volt-sterilized umbilical umbilical cord, without water, without too thick a package, waiting for the umbilical cord to fall naturally, usually 7-15 days. If the umbilical cord is swollen, blood permeable, pussy, smelly, timely medical attention is provided to avoid causing umbilical inflammation。
Iii. Sleep learning: sleeping sleeping enough, trying to problem sleep
The 0-3 age group is the golden period during which the baby grows and develops, and the night is the peak period for growth hormones, especially at 22:00-2:00 a. M. The growth hormones are three times the amount of daytime, with adequate sleep and high sleep quality, so that the baby can grow tall and have a good brain。
(i) standard of length of sleep for children of different months of age
The child sleeps 16-20 hours per day, 15-18 hours per month for 1-3 months, 14-16 hours per month for 4-6 months, 13-15 hours for 7-12 months, 12-14 hours for 1-2 years and 11-13 hours for 2-3 years, with no deliberate pursuit, as long as the child's mental state and weight increase is normal。
Sleep safety: these are the bottom lines, so don't worry
1. Sleeping position is preferred, and the cndh explicitly requires that the child sleeps on his or her back, not on his or her side, avoiding the risk of suffocation; and that no pillows, fury toys, soft beddings are placed in the bed of the baby to prevent blocking its nose and nose。
2. Refusal to sleep, to sleep, to sleep, to sleep, to shake, to sleep can trigger a baby syndrome, to damage the baby's brain, to sleep, to vomit, to epilepsy, to intellectual disability and even to endanger life. Data from the united states national centre for swaying infant syndrome show that over 80 per cent of survivors have permanent disabilities in thousands of confirmed cases each year。
3. Establish a permanent pre-sleep ritual to feed the hiccups and to wash their butts with white noise/show stories, repeat them daily, so that the baby becomes a reflection of conditions and sleeps on its own; when the child falls asleep, it is placed in the crib to develop the ability to sleep alone。
Turn off the lights and turn on the lights to inhibit blackwash, affect the quality of sleep and reduce immunity and disrupt growth hormones。
(iii) sleep improvement problems
The baby wakes up at night, does not immediately hug, does not breastfeed immediately, first snuggles, cleans up problems such as wetness, cold heat, gas, etc., and avoids the habit of frequent awakening at night and sleeping in milk; and exercises properly during the day to distinguish between day and night and to avoid too much sleep during the day and not at night。
Iv. Safety protection: securing the safety floor from fatal injuries
In order to avoid a tragedy, children are curious, less able to protect themselves, and safety is a high priority for childcare, and many accidents are caused by parental negligence。
(i) home safety: these details need to be done
1. Asphyxiation, cough: no food such as nuts, jell-o, grapes, hard sugar for a child under three years of age to avoid coughing; no small items such as buttons, coins and spare parts around the child to prevent the miseating of food。
2. Drop-proof, burn-proof: the baby's bed is equipped with a guard fence, windows, balcony, so as to prevent the baby from falling; hot canteens, hot meals, lighters, sharp objects are placed where the baby cannot reach, the bath water is cold and the water is hot and the temperature is controlled at 37-40°c。
3. Country criteria for the selection of supplies: purchase of infant beds, sleeping baskets, toys, urine and so forth, approval of the new national standard, implementation of the technical requirements for the portable baby beep basket in 2026, which require a maximum of 9kg for sleeping baskets, strict control of hazardous substances and rejection of three products。
(ii) travel security: security equipment required
The baby must travel with a safe seat, the baby must be installed in reverse within the age of one year, the one-four year-old is being installed in the direction of not carrying the baby in a car, and is extremely vulnerable to impact injuries in a brake; the baby car must be pushed out, always looked after, not to leave sight, to avoid falling and being abducted。
(iii) refusal of dangerous movement
In addition to shaking and sleeping, leaving the baby behind, lifting up, fast-turning circles and swinging legs, the child's brain, neck, etc., are damaged, the whole family is forbidden, it is not fun, and it is too late to regret injuries。
Growth and development: focus on critical periods, not behind, not ahead
In the 0-3 age group, which is a critical period for the development of the baby's sports, fine moves, language and cognitive abilities, parents need to understand normal growth patterns, not to be blindly compared, and not to ignore stunting。
(i) large motor development standards
Three months: a stable head, able to push down 90°
Six months: to be able to sit alone and hold hands forward
(a) eight months: crawling, not skipping the climb, and the american paediatrics association has pointed out that babies who climb are more focused, able to move and better developed
10 months: stand and move east and west
12 months: to stand on its own and move
18 months: walking independently, running and climbing steps
2-year-old: able to jump, run steady, able to kick。
(ii) language and cognitive development
2-3 months: laughing and responding to parents ' voices
Six months: ignorant syllables such as “daddy, mama”
12 months: conscious to call dad and mom and understand simple instructions
18 months: capable of speaking more than 10 words identifying body parts
2 years: simple sentences, simple communication with people
Three years old: able to express their thoughts in their entirety and sing simple children's songs。
(iii) regular child protection and timely detection of problems
The national commission for health and welfare (cndh) has requested that the babies, aged 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 months, attend the regular hospital for a child health check to monitor height, weight, headwall and development, and that the sooner the intervention is effective, the better it is, in case of a development deviation。
Care for common diseases: a scientific response, not blind medication
Babies are less immune, prone to cold, fever, diarrhoea, rashes, new mothers and fathers, and have access to scientific care methods to avoid overdose and miscare。
1. Temperature: less than 38. 5°c, physical cooling, drinking more water, reducing clothing, deheating heat; higher than 38. 5°c, dose-based infant and child-specific deflammation pills, and no alcohol or sweating. The common cold heals itself around a week and does not take adult cold medicine or antibiotics。
2. Diarrhoeal abdominal abdomen: beware of abdominal heating, breast-feeding mothers ' abated diet, a temporary reduction of milk for formula babies, supplementation of oral rehydration salts, prevention of dehydration, testing of excrement before treatment。
3. Wet rash: get wet, wear pure cotton, avoid allergies, use medication in serious cases under the direction of a doctor and refrain from hormonal ointment。
4. Physiological blisters: yellow blisters occur two to three days after the birth of the newborn child, they recede for 7 to 10 days and eat more than enough rows; if the blistering occurs too early, too late and too heavy, they are treated in a timely manner, excluding rational blistering。
Vii. Parent-child interaction: building security by accompanying and responding
The national board of health and health's guidelines for the healthy care of infants and children under the age of 3 emphasizes that paternity and responsive care are key to the mental health and personality development of the child。
Parents have to talk to the baby, look at it, play it, respond to the baby's cries, gestures, eyes, so that the baby can feel the love and feel the sense of security. They have to be with the baby in child games, reading drawings, playing toys, promoting brain development and filiation, not allowing the baby to watch mobile phones, television for as long as possible within two years of age, and not more than one hour a day after the age of two。
Viii. The parenting mentality of new parents
Finally, i would like to say to all the new parents that there are no perfect standards for child-rearing, that there is no need to pursue 100 per cent precision, and that there is no need to blame yourself for a small mistake. Every child is an individual, with different rates of development, dietary habits and sleep patterns, and the best state of life is that of the child as long as he/she is in a good state of mind, normal growth and sleep well。
The baby is tired, irritated, tired, and when it gets out of control, put the baby in a safe place, calm itself for a few minutes, adjust its state to take care of the baby, not to spill negative emotions on the baby, let alone to shake, scold and otherwise harm the baby。
Scientific parenting is not a matter of publicity but of flexibility, based on authoritative knowledge, in relation to the situation of the child at home. This knowledge of parenting covers 0-3 year olds in feeding, care, sleep, safety, development
