1. Marxist political economy formation and development
Marxist political economics was created in the middle of the nineteenth century, with its objective inevitability under historical conditions. First, in the late eighteenth and mid-19th centuries, industrial revolutions in countries such as england, france and germany finally established capitalist production patterns. The development of the capitalist economy has increasingly exposed its inherent contradictions, providing sufficient conditions for studying the intrinsic nature of capitalist production methods and their trends. Secondly, the rivalry between the proletariat and the bourgeois has become the main paradox of society, and the proletarians have emerged on the historical stage as independent political forces. Revolutionary practice calls for guidance on the theory of the proletariat revolution. Thirdly, bourgeois classical economics and imaginary socialist ideas provide intellectual material, or form a theoretical source. What?
2. Economy
It refers to production, distribution, exchange, consumption, etc., based on a certain ownership of the means of production, as well as human-to-human relations in these activities. What?
3. Commodities
Commodities are labour products for exchange. What?
4. Socially necessary working hours
The value of goods is determined not by the individual working hours spent by individual commodity producers, but by the necessary working hours of society. Socially necessary working hours are those required to produce a certain value for use under normal conditions of production in existing societies, with an average degree of labour proficiency and intensity. What?
5. Labour productivity
Labour productivity is the productivity of workers. The value of goods is inversely proportional to social labour productivity。
General equivalents
General equivalents are those that are separated from other commodities and can be exchanged for all other commodities and express the value of all other commodities. What?
7. Currency
The currency is separated from the commodity and fixed as a commodity of general equivalent. The essence of the currency is the general equivalent。
8. Five functions of currency
Money has five functions: value scales, means of circulation, means of storage, means of payment and world currency. Currency, as a measure of value, is the measure by which the value of all other commodities is expressed and measured. What?
9. Prices, flows of goods, means of movement
(1) price is the monetary expression of value and value is the basis of price. What?
(2) currency-mediated trade in goods is called the circulation of goods. Its formula is: commodities — money — commodities. What?
(3) the function of currency as a medium for the exchange of goods is called a means of circulation. What?
10. Paper notes
The currency is a mandatory currency symbol issued by the state. What?
11. Basic elements of value patterns
The value of goods is determined by the social working time necessary to produce them, and the exchange of goods is based on the amount of value, with an equivalent exchange. What?
12. Meaning of a market economy
A market economy is an economic form of allocation of social resources through the role of market mechanisms. It is a corollary to the full development of the commodity economy. The commodity economy is fully developed to replace the natural economy as a dominant form of society, with major economic activities, including production, distribution, circulation and consumption, carried out through the market, where the role of the market mechanism covers society as a whole and plays a fundamental role in the allocation of resources. At that point, the commodity economy developed into a market economy. What?
13. National income and its distribution
In terms of gross social product, the remaining portion of net production, which is expressed in monetary terms as net production, is referred to as national income, after deduction of the consumed production data. ? Through a complex distribution process, national income can be divided into two parts for its end use: one for accumulation and one for consumption. ? The accumulated portion of national income, including the expansion of the renewable, unproductive infrastructure and social reserves. The consumption component of national income includes both individual consumption and public consumption, of which individual consumption is the consumption of individual workers and their families; and public consumption, including state administration and defence expenditure, social assistance and labour insurance. Public consumption is necessary to achieve social stability and national security, improve the quality of workers and ensure the normal functioning of social reproduction. What?
14. Finance and its role
Finance is the revenue and expenditure of the state and the distribution of social products by the state through its political power, which arises as the state emerges. What?
Finance plays an important role in economic and social development: first, the state can effectively regulate the allocation of resources through finance; secondly, the state can contribute to economic development through finance; and thirdly, finance can contribute significantly to the development of science, education, culture and health; fourthly, finance contributes to the improvement of the standard of living of the population; fifthly, finance is a material guarantee for the consolidation of state power. What?
15. The role of taxation and its relationship with citizens
Taxes, which are the basic forms of the state's ability to obtain, free of charge and by virtue of its political power, financial revenues in accordance with the law, have three essential characteristics: compulsory, unpaid and fixed. ? The role of the tax in the socialist state, which is a new type of tax “for the people, for the people”, is in three ways:
First, taxation is the basic form of organizational revenue; second, taxation is an important lever for economic regulation; third, taxation is an important means of state economic oversight. ? The taxpayer is the unit or individual directly liable under tax law. Different taxes have different taxpayers. In our country, the main taxes are vat, turnover tax, excise tax, enterprise income tax, personal income tax and customs duties. What?
16. Our banking system
The bank is a financial institution established by law to operate monetary and credit operations and is the product of a certain stage of the development of the commodity currency economy. ? At this stage, our banks are divided into three categories: central bank, commercial bank, and policy bank。
The people's bank of china, which is the central bank of our country, is part of the government of china as the state body responsible for managing the country's financial services, under the leadership of the state council. ? Commercial banks are corporate entities that primarily operate business deposits, loans and bank profits. What?
The policy bank was established as a specialized bank to ensure the successful completion of the country's major infrastructure and bulk export and import trade and to provide state policy-specific loans to these projects。
