As an important cash crop and spice in our country, garlic has become more acute when grown on a scale. Heavy cultivation tends to contribute to soil nutrient imbalances, the accumulation of pathogens and the intensification of pests and diseases, leading directly to a decrease in the incidence of garlic seedlings, poor growth of spas, lower yields and lower quality. To address this challenge, achieving high productivity of the garlic-heavy plots will require scientific system technical measures, starting with soil improvement, species selection and field management. This paper will elaborate on the core technical elements of high-yield garlic cultivation and provide practical guidance to growers。
I. Soil improvement and fertility optimization
(i) deep-tilled and wheeled
1. Deep tillage: after the harvest of the former crop, deep tillage should be carried out in a timely manner and at depths of 25-30 cm. Deep tillage can break the slabs of the soil, improve soil aerobics and promote deep soil microorganisms. At the same time, the initial base number of diseases and pests has been reduced through 15 to 20 days of sunlight, using ultraviolet rays to kill pathogens and eggs from the surface of some soils。
Rotational improvements: the three-year rotation model of “the garlic-grain undergraduate crops - soybean crops” may be used if conditions permit. Garlic is a shallow root crop that rotates with deep roots such as maize, wheat and so forth, balancing nutrient consumption at different levels of the soil. Following cultivation of soybeans, peas and soybeans, their root tumour bacteria can stabilize nitrogen in the air, increase soil fertility and fundamentally alleviate heavy barriers。
(ii) soil disinfection and nutrient supplementation
1. Soil disinfection: for hard-pressed plots, 7 - 10 days before seeding is required. There are two common methods: the lime nitrogen disinfection method, 50 - 60 kg of lime nitrogen per acre, the cover of the membrane cover after planting, 10 days of closure, the use of melamine gas derived from the separation of lime nitrogen for the eradication of pathogens such as rote, atrophy and nematodes; and the pharmaceutical rooting method, which uses 50% more than 500 or 30% of the fungible powder or 800 times the fungus agent per acre, which is applied evenly in combination with water and requires 15 - 20 centimetres for disinfection。
Scientific fertilisation: the heavy garlic is more accurate for nutrient demand and is based on the principles of “organic fertilizers, supported by fertilizers, and base fertilizers, supported by fertilizers”。
- base manure: 3,000 - 4000 kg of fertilizer per acre applied to fully decomposed farmers (e. G. Cattle dung, chicken dung, for more than six months, in order to avoid the burning of roots), 50 kg of calcium phosphate, 20 kg of potassium sulphate, 15 kg of urea, and 1. 5 kg of boron sand, 1 kg of zinc sulphate (supplementation of the minor element necessary for garlic to prevent deficiency). Fertilizers are then ploughed so that the fertilizer is fully integrated with the soil。
- soil regulation: 50 - 80 kg of lime per acre (for acid soils) or 30 - 50 kg of plaster (for alkaline soils), adjusted to ph to 6. 0 - 7. 0, creating an appropriate acid environment for garlic root system growth。
Ii. Varieties selection and petal treatment
(i) high-burden-resistant species selection
The selection of multi-year proven heavy-burden varieties is based on climatic and soil conditions in the growing areas. For example:
- the northern territory has the option of “golden garlic”, which is well developed and resistant to root causes
- the southern production area has the option of “two-water early” “red-skin garlic”, which is highly resistant to wet heat and rust。
In order to avoid the continuous planting of the same varieties, the varieties can be replaced every 2 - 3 years, reducing the risk of degradation and disease-directed accumulation。
(ii) choosing and pre-treatment
1. Speculation of petals: before seeding, artificial screening of the petals is required to remove the petals of cartilage, insects, injuries and small (less than 5 grams of single petal weight) and to opt for full, disease-free pests and health petals of 8 - 12 grams of single petal weight. The equal size of the petals ensures that the seedlings are well established and avoids excessive differences in field plant growth。
2. Veal disinfection: 20 minutes of impregnation in 50°c warm water (stable temperature), 5 minutes of impregnation in 1% copper sulfate solution immediately after extraction, or 30 minutes of impregnation with 500 times more than 50% more fungible powder, resulting in drying to the surface of the petals without moisture, which can effectively kill anthrax and disease pathogens carried by the petals。
3. Drum treatment: if the seeding time is to be shortened, the sterile petals can be laid in a cooler ventilated area, covered by wet gauze, with a temperature of 15 - 20°c, humidity of 70%, flipping once a day, seeding can be done after the petals are exposed (0. 5 - 1 cm) and the yield rate can be increased to more than 95%。
Iii. Precision seeding and rational planting
(i) determination of suitable planting periods
Garlic prefers a cold climate, suitable for a budding temperature of 15 - 20°c and suitable for a seedling period of 12 - 16°c. The planting time is determined on the basis of the local early frost, usually 60 - 70 days before the onset, ensuring that pre-winter seedlings grow to 4 - 6 leafs (the most resistant to cold). For example:
- north china (e. G. Shandong, henan) is suitable for planting from late september to early october
- east china (e. G. Jiangsu, anhui) from early october until mid-october
- south (e. G. Sichuan, yunnan) from mid-october to late october。
Premature seeding leads to long pre-winter periods and consumption of nutrients; late seeding leaves young children weak, and winter is prone to freezing。
(ii) rationalally planted and regulated seeding
1. Cultivation density: density adjusted to variety characteristics and soil fertility. Pre-maturity varieties or higher-fatility plots, with 35,000 - 40,000 units per acre, 15 - 18 centimetres in length and 10 - 12 centimetres in length; late-maturity varieties or medium-fatality plots, with 30,000 - 35,000 units per acre, 18 - 20 centimetres in length and 12 - 15 centimetres in length。
Seeding methods: using a “dive-dot-sowning” method, open ditch depths of 5 - 6 cm, immersing the bottom water in the ditch (to ensure that the soil is humid and promotes seedlings) and, after water seepage, putting the pedal sprouts up into the gutter, covering 3 - 4 cm thick earth (overlays are drought-prone and overwhelming is difficult). The seeding can cover the surface of the ground with a barley or a break (by 2 - 3 cm thick) to protect, inhibit and regulate the temperature of the ground。
Iv. Equipment management in the land
(i) phased water fertilizer management
Premium seeding (after seeding until winter): this phase requires less water and, if the soil is wet, less water; in the event of drought, one “sapling water” can be poured to promote the clean-up of the seedlings. Fertilizers are mainly “saplings” and, when they grow to 2 - 3 leafs, 5 - 8 kilograms of urea per acre are applied, combined with water and water to avoid obesity。
Winterization (december to february): focus on cold-proofing seedlings, with one “winter-winter water” before the soil is frozen (late november to early december) to improve soil temperature retention; if the temperature is too low (below - 10°c), a layer of straw or membrane can be covered in the field to prevent the freezing of seedlings. No fertilisation is required during winter, and the plant is avoided。
Return to youth (late february to early march of the following year): after a return to temperature, the seedlings begin to grow, requiring the timely watering of “back-blue water” and subsequent shallow cultivation of the pine soil (3-4 cm depth) to raise the temperature. After 10 to 15 days of return, 20 to 25 kg of compound fertilisation per acre, promoting root and leafy growth。
4. Pumping period (late march to mid-april): this period is the peak in demand for garlic nutrients, which requires adequate water fertilization. 15 kg of potassium sulphate per acre, 10 kg of urea, combined with water for application; soil moist (60% - 70% water content) during the suction period, while avoiding water accumulation (preventing root decay)。
5. Magnificent expansion period (late april to late may): after smoking, nutrients are transferred to the tuber, with emphasis on the replenishment of potassium fertilizer. 20 kg of potassium sulphate per acre, combined with irrigation, while 0. 3% of potassium phosphate solution (one per week and two to three consecutive times) was sprayed on the leaves, contributing to the expansion of the mast. At this stage, water is to be contained and stopped 7 - 10 days before the harvest to prevent the rotting and impatience of the embers。
(ii) integrated pest management
The high incidence of garlic disease and pests requires adherence to the principle of “preventive and integrated treatment”, giving priority to agriculture, physical control and rational use of chemical agents。
1. Prevention and treatment of major diseases:
- root decomposition: at the beginning of the disease, 30 per cent of the pyrochlorine water was filled with 800 times more liquid or 50 per cent of the methiosulphage humid powder 600 times more root, 200 ml per irrigation fluid, once every seven days, 2-3 consecutive times。
- rusty disease: 25 per cent of triazine humid powder 1,500 times the fluid or 40 per cent of silicium emulsifiable cream 8,000 times, once every 10 days, two to three times。
- epidemic: 72 per cent of the fertilizer manganese zinc humid powder is sprayed at the beginning of the disease with 600 times the fluid or 64 per cent of the fertilizer manganese zinc humid powder with 500 times the fluid, once every 7 to 10 days, with two to three consecutive treatments。
2. Major pest control:
- garlic mackerel: 5% of the octanophos-methyl granule agent 2 - 3 kg (mixed with base fat) per acre before seeding; 40% of the thiophos-methyl emulsifiable concentrates 1,000 times the root, 150 ml per irrigation fluid at the beginning of the disease。
- aphids: trapping (20-30 pieces per acre at a height equal to the top of the plant); if the insect has a high density, 10% of the aphids are sprayed with a humid powder of 2,000 times or 2. 5% of the bromocymethrin cream 3,000 times。
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