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In 1970, for the first time, ticino, donoghue and orian officially introduced the knowledge gap hypothesis in " mass communication flows and growing knowledge gaps " , which is also known as the minnesota group, given that such researchers as ticino teach at the university of minnesota。
The central element of the knowledge gap hypothesis is that “as the mass media spread more and more information to society, people with better socio-economic conditions will have faster access to such information than those with poorer socio-economic conditions. As a result, the knowledge gap between these two groups will be widening rather than narrowing”。
It should be noted that this assumption does not negate the fact that as the mass dissemination of information increases, the level of knowledge at all levels of society increases accordingly. Thus, the relatively lower social status groups are not in absolute terms “information poverty” or “increasing poverty”, but rather emphasize the polarization that emerges as the relative groups resulting from the increased flow of information acquire knowledge more quickly。
(the above content needs to understand sexual memory, and basic knowledge about the "treasure" can be learned using "reference books" or "key notes"
01 related expansion of knowledge gap theory
I. Counterproblem — cap effect theory
(this part needs to understand sexual memory)
In 1977, j. S. Etima and f. G. Klein presented the cap effect theory. They believe that mass media is in itself the best tool to narrow the “knowledge gap”. As the mass media disseminates only “general” knowledge, there is a “ceiling” of the mass media. If the audience already has a higher level of knowledge than the mass communication content, they may not be able to seek it through the mass media, so that different audiences reach a “knowledge levelling” and the knowledge gap is reduced。
1. Core elements of cap effects theory
People's quest for specific knowledge is not endless, and when a certain “ceiling” is reached, the increase in the volume of knowledge slows down or even stops. The “ceiling” of those with high socio-economic status who acquire knowledge is early; those with low socio-economic status, while slowly increasing their knowledge, can eventually catch up with the “ceiling” over time。
Evaluation of the “ceiling effect theory”
The “ceiling effect” hypothesis was also the subject of disagreement among the academic community. According to some scholars, the so-called “ceiling effect”, although it exists and is reasonable in the process of individual acquisition of specific knowledge by mass media audiences, is not sufficient:
First, the existence of this “ceiling” needs to be examined in the context of individual audiences seeking knowledge throughout their lives. This is because, for a certain period of time, individual audiences will seek to acquire a particular knowledge in a certain range and field, and the growth of that knowledge will be halted. At that point, they begin to seek and acquire knowledge in the next new field, which will inevitably increase their knowledge pool。
Second, knowledge is constantly updated and ageing. Those with low socio-economic status, even at a later stage, reached the “ceiling” of those with a high socio-economic base in their quest for access to knowledge, which, because of changing times, has reduced the real value of the knowledge they acquire. It is therefore premature to assume that the “knowledge equalization” effect of mass dissemination can eliminate the social “knowledge gap” and thus achieve universal social equality。
Ii. Field of information
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“information gap” is also in a broader sense. As early as 1974, n. Katzman introduced his theory of the “information gap” in the light of the development of new communication technologies。
From the perspective of new communication technologies, it is argued that the introduction of new communication technologies will increase the flow of and access to information for society as a whole, for every member of society. The benefits of the introduction of new technologies are not equal for every member of society. Those with a higher level of information available and a greater ability to access it have access to more information than those with a lower level of information or less access to information. Machines such as computers are much more capable of processing and storing information than humans, and the information-rich have greater information advantages than others through early use and skilled operation of these sophisticated information media. New media technologies have developed and the cycle of upgrading is becoming shorter, and the trend is likely to be that the “old divide” has not been filled, while the “new divide” has emerged. This is particularly evident in the use of new media。
Cécile gaziano, a united states scholar specializing in the theoretical synthesis of knowledge gaps, pointed out that in the minnesota study group, the concepts of “information” and “knowledge” were largely common and did not make a strict distinction. In her view, a distinction needs to be made between “knowledge ditch” and “information ditch” based on the difference between knowledge and information: “the knowledge gap is the difference in information that people acquire and remember through the learning process; the information gap refers to the difference in information that can be used for learning”。
Iii. Digital divide
This part needs to understand sexual memory
The concept of the digital divide originated in a 1999 report published by the national agency for telecommunications and information (ntia) of the united states entitled decline in the web: defining the digital divide, which, according to later scholars, is more representative of four differences in access to and use of the new digital media, represented by the internet, which can be summarized as follows:
A (access) refers to internet access and access. Not only does the internet require an information infrastructure, but for end users internet access prices comprise hardware/software, access costs and telephone service charges, and socio-economic disparities are therefore a major contributing factor to the digital divide。
B (basic skills) refers to the “information intelligence” that the digital age requires. Disparities in information intelligence between groups often contribute to the gap in access to the internet。
C (content) refers to online content. In a web-based world, who dominates multimedia, multilingual information content and web-based information products that ultimately determine the divide between these and other groups in terms of the interests and preferences of those groups。
D (desire) refers to the motivation, interest of individuals in accessing the internet. Different types of “use and satisfaction” determine the gap between internet users in access to and use of information。
The gaps in information, the segregation of knowledge and the division of wealth brought about by the above-mentioned abcd are challenges that the development of the internet must address. In today's knowledge-based economy, the digital divide can be seen as one-sided, affecting all aspects of national, social and group development。
The “link of knowledge” of the 02 internet age
New manifestations of the “knowledge gap” of the web age
(the following are understood and remembered as key words)
In the digital revolution, because some people have access to state-of-the-art information technology and to computers, network access and telecommunications facilities, they will have more access to information than the poor who lack it, and will have access to the facilities and development of their individual capabilities provided by information technology. Societies are divided into “owners” and “poor” components of information technology, and the gap between them will grow as technology develops, which is the “digital divide” mentioned above。
Network media, as a further extension of the human body, give their users greater possibilities to reach out to the wider world and to discover and realize their potential more fully. Differences in skills in the use of web-based media will further widen the knowledge gap among audiences。
First, in terms of information reserves, the information mass characteristics of the internet, facilitated by search engines, allow internet users to update their knowledge structures in a timely manner; the laggards of the information age can only be limited to absorbing limited knowledge from traditional media. This leads to a gap between the two information reserves and, in turn, between knowledge holdings。
Secondly, in terms of the degree of social interaction between the two, the virtuality of internet space and the breadth of interaction based on certain agreements, the unlimited expansion of user space and the true realization of a global village are difficult for traditional media to access。
Thirdly, in terms of both selective access, understanding and memory of information, the open nature of the internet has also given its surfers an open mind, a tendency to proactively access and search for information for my use, especially in the context of the possibility and willingness to proactively search for specific information, which is difficult to achieve in the context of traditional media. This has also led to a more active and open mind on the part of web-based media users vis-à-vis traditional media users to receive, understand and remember information, thereby widening the knowledge gap between them。
Impact of the “knowledge gap” of the network age
(the following are understood and remembered as key words)
Rogers noted that information not only led to the expansion of the “knowledge gap”, but also to the emergence of “behaviour ditches” and “attitude ditches”. He therefore considered the “knowledge gap” to be the “dissemination gap”. “knowledge of knowledge” is simply about the “know” dimension, where members of society differ in the availability of knowledge and information. It has always existed as an objective fact and will continue to exist as a result of the development of human society, especially in the context of the growing fragmentation of modern social professions, where special “knowledge gaps” will not be lost, but will continue to emerge. Common sense and information about important public affairs are the basis for the exercise of rights by citizens, and the formation of such particular “challenges” directly leads to a new spiral structure whereby the information-rich are increasingly above the information-poor, whether they know and use new information or hold on to social rights. The more knowledge and information a person accumulates, the more his ability to communicate is being strengthened, the richer the rich and the poorer the poor, the new spiral. This increased polarization could even polarize the growing audience of attitudes and behaviours, creating sudden faults induced by specific external forces, especially by the incitement of illegal or irrational online opinion, which in turn could lead to the exacerbation of social tensions and jeopardize social stability。
At present, a number of people in china do not have access to the network, and their access to information is an alternative to the network, thus preventing them from enjoying the ease and richness of the internet, which includes information consumption. The wealth of information does not necessarily create more advanced people, but the lack of information must be difficult to keep up with; on the other hand, even if everyone has access to the internet, it does not mean that everyone has the same level of web literacy. Networking is manifested in the ability of audiences to properly recognize, understand, judge, criticize and use web-based information, as well as in the ability of audiences to actively and effectively use networks. Differences in network literacy shape the power and hierarchy of society in an invisible and uninterrupted manner, as do many other individual capacities and environments. So the “knowledge gap” of the web age has exacerbated the social divide。
Truth link
1. Knowledge gap (sichuan university, 2009, noun interpretation)
2. Theory of knowledge ditches (sungdu technology university, 2012, 2021, noun interpretation)
On the theory of the “knowledge gap” and its counterproblems - - the “ceiling effect” hypothesis (sichuan university, 2008, discussed)
Using communication-related theories to analyse the phenomenon of the “digital divide” in contemporary society and explore possible solutions (sichuan university, 2019, brief answers)
Key points of the katzman theory of the “information gap” (university of southwest political law, 2018, noun interpretation)
Test-based use of the “know-how” theory to explain the response to reducing the “information gap” and even the “know-how gap” (sungdu university of technology, 2010, discussed)
Testimony of the reasons for the expansion of the knowledge gap (sungdu polytechnic university, 2015, brief description)
The five main factors that form the knowledge gap (sungdu technology university, 2016, brief answer)
9. Theoretical of knowledge (sichuan provincial school of social sciences, 2021, noun interpretation)
Five main factors that shape the knowledge gap. Sichuan provincial school of social sciences, 2016, brief answer
Testimony of the reasons for the widening of the knowledge gap (sichuan provincial school of social sciences, 2015, brief answer)
The doctrine of “know-how” (sichuan provincial school of social sciences, 2013, 2012, noun interpretation)
Try to use the “know-how” theory lock to describe the response to narrow the “information gap” or even the “know-how”. Sichuan provincial school of social sciences, 2010
Key points of the katzman theory of “information ditch” (usp 2018, noun interpretation)
The theory of the digital divide has evolved and evolved. Sichuan provincial school of social sciences, 2021, on the topic
16. Digital divide (unam, 2021, noun interpretation)
17. Maximum effect theory (sichuan provincial school of social sciences, 2020, emptied)
18. Brief description of the digital divide (csinghua university, 2022, brief answer)
Digital divide (teacher university of china, 2022, noun interpretation)
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