In order to strengthen the management of vegetable fields in the summer, improve the level of single production and quality of vegetables and ensure adequate supply of vegetables, the department of plant management of the ministry of agriculture and rural development has organized the national agricultural technology promotion service, a steering group of vegetable specialists of the ministry of agriculture and rural development, and the national system of technology for large vegetable industries, which has developed technical guidelines for the production of vegetables in the summer。
I. Summer management technology for conclusion climbing
(i) management of the nursery environment. Keep an eye on changes in the environment at nursery sites, use sunnets in a timely manner, maintain a distance of 10-30 cm between the sunnet and the shantytown, and facilitate the formation of windways. When the temperature in the facility is too high, the vent is opened, while the coolant is sprayed, and the vent is closed in time for rain to be opened. At extremely high temperatures, forced cooling systems such as wet-dash wind machines and fog are activated. Fertilisation techniques such as tidal irrigation or drift irrigation at the bottom could be used to increase the use of water fertilizer。
(ii) shrimp growth management. Integrated measures to regulate the environment and to enhance the resilience of seedlings. During the long extension of the plume, which is easy to grow, air ventilation is enhanced, the base moisture is reduced, and the seedlings are prevented by mechanical extraction and application of growth inhibitors. Inoculation matrices with plant-based bacteria or biocofertilizers are used to improve the micro-ecosystem of seedlings and enhance their resilience to drought, among other things. Application of all-factor fertilizer with trace elements and application of irrigation fertilization techniques with increased nutrient gradients。
(iii) insect control in the nursery age. The nursery facilities are fully covered by a 50-minop or 60-mid-worm protection network, with stickers, sexual baits and protective microbicides in the nursery facilities to prevent the occurrence of juvenile pests. Quarantine should be implemented prior to the transfer of commodities。
Ii. Key technologies for plant vegetable production in the summer
(i) field management
Environmental management. The ventilation cools and, at high temperatures, opens all vents of the facility and reduces the temperature and humidity. The shade cools, which are covered outside the facility, or sprayed with sunscreen paints, and the fruit and vegetable vegetables are generally covered with sun and temperature between 10 a. M. And 4 p. M., and can be opened during the rainy and early days; the leaves and vegetable vegetables can be managed with a full-time sunscreen, which can be opened three or five days before the market, increasing the light and improving the nutritional quality and commerciality of the vegetables. A multiple-function photo masks such as a permafrost or a high-reflective film can be selected in a strong-lighted area. If the spray cools and the spray equipment is available, the spray facility can be opened by 11 a. M. And stopped at around 3 p. M. Rain avoidance, high summer temperatures and rain-fed areas, suggested a two-net “one membrane” cover model for the caps + sunnet + perimeter anti-worm nets。
Plantation management. Vegetables are careful to balance the sorghum relationship, to complete the whole branch in a timely manner, to tie the chicken and remove the yellow and sick leaves, to remove the vertebrates and sprouts in a timely manner, to maintain a suitable area index, to increase ventilation and to ensure balanced growth of the plant. Elimination of abnormal fruit at all times, reduction of unnecessary nutrient consumption, extension of harvest time, increase of later production and increase of commerciality. The plant growth regulator should be used rationally during the high temperature period to protect the fruit。
3. Fertilizer management. The application of water-saving fertilisation techniques such as drip irrigation, spraying, water fertilization integration, and the management of fertilizers in accordance with the principles of "xenium-control" and "frequent fertilisation" are used to increase the application of medium and trace element fertilizer in due course. The timing of the summer watering should be chosen in the morning, preferably with wells or low-temperature rivers. Vegetables with relatively weak roots or plants with a relatively high capacity of fruit load can be followed by leaf-capture to promote nutrient growth。
4. Prevention of pests and diseases. Insisting on “preventives, integrated treatment”, disease surveillance and scientific implementation of green control. Agriculture prevention and control, combined with retrenchment, cleaning of vegetable gardens, rational rotation. In conjunction with farming operations, weeds are eliminated in a timely manner, leaves of old age (twigs, strains, fruit) are removed and the disease base is reduced. Biological control, protection of natural enemies, prevention using biological agents such as bacillus souyun, avil, plant-based insecticides, insect growth regulators and specific pesticides. Physical control, using techniques such as anti-worm net coverage, palettes, chromatography, booby traps, etc. Chemical control, choice of the best time to treat the disease, use of highly effective, low-toxic, low-residual pesticides, scientifically sound combination and rotation of pesticide use, strict enforcement of safe intervals for pesticide use。
(ii) pause management
1. Cleaning up of facilities. The application of high-temperature scaffolding techniques allows for soil disinfection of calcium cyanide or acres in combination with severe endemic diseases. Vegetable tuning can be used to restore the field, with the use of a stinging mechanism to mix it directly with the soil, or 400-600 kg of field dry straw per acre in the facility。
2. Cultivation of idle crops. Crops such as maize, wheat, pulses, heat-resistant pickles, etc., can be grown and trim, depending on the duration of the fallout resist the fields, improve the soil environment, mitigate the disease and promote the growth of the vegetables。
Key technologies for the production of field vegetables in the summer
(i) plantation management. The melons, eggplants and pulses are set up as soon as possible to perform fieldwork in a timely manner, such as whole branches, pickles and grazes, to increase ventilation and promote plant growth. Cleaning of vegetable gardens in a timely manner, strengthening of vegetable shelves, removal of residual fruit, proper rooting of soil and improved resistance. In areas of higher light intensity, a certain number of leaves can be kept at the top of the fruit to avoid the sun. Timely collection when harvest standards are met。
(ii) fertilizer management. Vegetables such as tomatoes, cucumbers and so forth, moderate management of water during the first flower period, shallow farming, seedlings, promotion of sit-in fruit, entry into the fruit-formation period, and rational application of fertilized water in accordance with the principle of a small number of times. For melons, eggplant fruit and pulses, the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be combined, and in a critical period of production, leaf-face fattening may be carried out on the basis of the plant's strength, with a combined urea solution of 0. 3%-0. 5% potassium phosphate and 0. 3% urea spraying of vegetable leaf, once for 7-10 days and 2-3 series of spraying. The corsage of kale, cabbage, cabbage, etc., must be controlled and followed rationally, using water-saving techniques such as spray irrigation, gutter irrigation, membrane gutter irrigation, etc., in pursuit of nitrogen fertilisation, which is applied in an ad hoc manner。
(iii) combat pest and grass. During high-temperature, high-humid weather, wide spectrum microbicides such as polybacterium or methyl tobuzin can be sprayed. Cross-flower vegetables can use green control techniques such as insecticidal lamps, black light lamps, informational traps and jamming. Weeds in and around vegetable fields are cleared in a timely manner. Timely prevention and treatment of diseases, promotion of substitution of 2-3 pharmaceutical uses, strict implementation of safe intervals for pesticide use, and after-harvesting of multiple harvests of vegetables to ensure their safety。
Iv. Key technologies for the production of short-term quick-leaf vegetables
Land is selected as high as possible, with fertile soil, easy water and good drainage. High-temperature, drought- and flood-resistant varieties are preferred. Cultivation of seedlings using intensive chemical seeding techniques, timely interlinking, reducing the length of vegetable life in the field and increasing the efficiency of land cultivation. (c) the introduction of high-strength cultivation, the improvement of ventilation in the field and the reduction of water accumulation in the field. Floating cover using light-covered materials such as black sunnets with about 60 per cent shire, thin unwielded cloths, cooling and wetting, promoting clean or slow seedlings, and timely removal of covered material after seeding or cold seeding. Insect control nets covering the full reproductive period cover 40 worms and reduce pests。
V. Key technologies for the production of high mountain vegetables
(i) varieties selection. It is appropriate to grow warm vegetables, such as tomatoes, peppers and quartz beans, in medium- and high-altitude areas between 800 and 1,400 metres, and to grow cold and cold vegetables, such as carrots, cabbage and kale, in areas above 1,200 metres. High mountain heights are characterized by high temperatures, rapid changes in air humidity, high ultraviolet light and long distances in products. It is desirable to select varieties that are resistant to disease, good commerciality and resistant to transport。
(ii) environmental management. Vegetables such as high-mountain tomatoes and peppers should be protected against rain-shielding, with simple steel shacks, thin film on the top, and pest-proof nets around them. This will be accompanied by the construction of water catchments and plastic rain cellars, etc., with the use of submural drip irrigation techniques to achieve precision fertilization. Accumulation of acids to increase soil fertility through the application of functional organic fertilizers with a useful population。
(iii) pest management. In order to combat the root swelling of cross-facile vegetables, it is necessary to use wheeling with non-crucial vegetables, to perform soil disinfection, increase organic fertilizer and calcium so as to improve resistance, detect the timely removal of strains, spread lime in the pits, centralized burning of strains and reduce the incidence of repeated infection. Underground pests are infested, which are disinfected with lime nitrogen or ash over the first 20 days of seeding, and covered with thin membranes, which are wet for 10 days to dry. After the harvest of vegetables, sick leaves and weeds are cleaned up in a timely manner, and the field is treated in a concentrated manner to reduce the source of the insect. Reduction of insect infestation and spawning through insecticidal lamps, yellowboard booby traps。
In addition, high-mountain vegetable bases should implement eco-protection and eco-planting measures to reduce run-off and control soil erosion through the construction of bio-coastals in conjunction with an open slope。
