The mountain and silver flowers, also known as the southern gold and silver flowers, are mainly produced in hunan, sichuan and jiangxi, and are treated with dry buds (or the first flowers) in the same way as the northern gold and silver flowers produced in shandong, henan and hebei。
Gold and silver flowers are the most widely used and in demand in our country. According to statistics, one third of chinese prescriptions are used in gold and silver, and many commonly used chinese prescriptions consist mainly of silver and gold. In addition to medicinal use, gold and silver flowers are widely used in areas such as beverages, spices, beauty and health care, and are well marketed. Currently, our annual demand for gold and silver is around 20,000 tons, but annual production is only about 8,000 tons, and the supply-demand conflict is striking. In 2020, the price of special-grade gold and silver in the anhui state market rose to nearly $200 per kilogram. Increased demand and higher prices for gold and silver flowers have also led to higher prices. In recent years, the development of silver flowers has generated favourable market prospects。
It has been proven that mountain silver flowers have many advantages in terms of the concentration of flowers and their long duration, their high productivity and ease of extraction, their low cost and their high efficiency. The following are some of the highlights of their cultivation techniques:
1. Selection of areas of excellence and suitability. At present, in hunanlong county, a variety of fine mountain silver flowers have been developed, such as quail 1-5. Of these, numbers 1 and 2 are suitable for cultivation in high areas above 800 metres above sea level, and numbers 3, 4 and 5 are suitable for cultivation in low and medium mountains below 800 metres above sea level. When actually grown, two to three species should be selected for testing, based on local altitude, slopes, climate, etc., and the best extension species should be identified by observation and comparison。
The acquisition of seedlings from the field and the long-distance transport process should be carried out in such a way as to protect against wetting and cooling and to prevent the drying of the outer layer or the burning of internal seedlings, resulting in serious post-plantation deaths. During the broad extension phase, it is advisable to establish a local nursery base, close to the point of planting or grafting, to ensure the survival rate。
2. Selection of suitable plots and soils. While they are cold, drought-resistant, infertile, environmentally resilient and less demanding, artificial cultivation requires the selection of suitable plots and soils for high productivity and efficiency. It would be preferable to plant the silver flowers in the sun slopes of the earth, which are deep, estranged, fertile and humid, with a high organic content, low-lying, shaded and humid, or obstinate, over-fertilized plots, which are not suitable for cultivation, and to plant the gold flowers of the mountain grates, which are poorly drained, easily impregnable。
3. Fertilizing the whole area and reasonably planting it. Once the location of the base and the plot are selected, the large area will be designed as a whole, starting with the planning of a plowing path and a course, then the soil will be plowed deep and the roots, weeds, stones, etc. Will be removed. Fertilizers are applied before winter at a distance of 2 metres, 1. 5 to 2 metres (160 to 220 acre beds), 30 to 40 centimetres in width and depth, 5 to 7 kg soil fertilisation per nest or 0. 25 kg cake fat. In the absence of organic fertilizers, a high-quality potassium sulphate compound fertilizer of 0. 15 kg can also be applied and the fertilizer can then be mixed with the soil of the nest, with a layer of ground to prevent its volatilization and loss。
They may be planted in the autumn or in the spring, which shall be the best. The planting is preceded by proper cutting of seedlings, with two to three knots and two to three leaves above the marriage mat, with one main chicken as the backbone, and the remaining side branches, weak branches and leaves to reduce evaporation. In the case of seedlings, a blade shall also be used before planting to separate the film tied to the marriage interface so as not to affect growth. Prior to planting, roots were impregnated for 8 to 10 hours with 50 to 100 ppm of root powder and 50 per cent of methyl tobuzin humid powder, with 500 to 700 times more fluid, in order to promote rooting and increase survival. In each nest, a seedling is grown, and care is taken that the seedlings are put in order to keep the roots stretching, and first the roots are covered with small pieces of surface soil back into the ground, then the ground is refilled back to the linen, then the root water is stepped on and established to ensure that the roots are in close contact with the soil, and finally a layer of ground is built to prevent the break-up of the surface turtle. When planted, covering a membrane of 1 to 1. 2 metres in diameter on a tree plate, it can serve, inter alia, to increase temperature and humidity, to protect fattening, to suppress weeds, and to effectively increase the rate of survival and growth。
4. Enhanced management for growth. After moving to life, the mountain silver flower will need to be managed better so that it can grow rapidly, enters into early gardening and production, and avoid re-establishing light pipes and pre-building. Specific measures:
1 growing grass. Weeding is usually done once in the spring and autumn, and between one and two times in the summer when weeds flourish. When weeding in china, care is taken that the seedlings are so shallow that they can be a little deeper and that weeds close to the roots need to be removed manually to avoid damage to the root system and to affect the growth and growth of the plant. In the autumn, soil is also being cultivated at the root level to cover the marriage interface and ensure the safe passage of plantations over the winter。
2 get fat in time. The timely application of fertilizers is based on the application of bottom fertilizers, based on the long and growing needs of the plant. The pursuit of fertilizer should be based on organic fertilizer, supported by fertilizer, which is applied locally and through tree formulations, ensuring that the nutrient supply is timely, adequate and balanced. In general, before the onset of new springs and before the winter of autumns, the larvae can increase the number of such pursuits appropriately, in accordance with the principle of a small number of times. Post-partum silver flowers require a gradual increase in fertilizer use based on nutrient demand for plant. The plume during the productive period is also sprayed with urea of 0. 4 per cent plus 0. 1 per cent boron or other commercial leaf fat at the beginning of spring and summer in order to provide the bud with timely and rapid nutrient supplements. In addition, the relatively high demand for nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer in mountain silver flowers, the application of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization before the onset of new springs, and before the flowering of cash buds, can promote plant growth and increase the production of buds. For specific operations, we normally combine to plant grass, open loops along the canopy drip line, about 20 centimetres deep, so that organic fertilizers are mixed with fertilizer and then spread into the ditch, and then cover the soil to prevent nutrient loss。
3 orthopaedic trim. In order to maintain good ventilation, to manage harvesting and to be productive and efficient, the silver flowers need to be sharpened and stymied。
There are many ways in which the mountain silver flower can be shaped, most of which is in the form of a single-dry crown tree. This is done by planting seedlings with a bamboo stick of about 130 to 150 centimetres vertically attached to them, and by tying the main chicken to the stick as the backbone. When the mountains and silver blossoms, they wipe out all the buds and twigs other than the trunks and concentrate on their subsistence. When the backbone grows between 50 and 60 centimetres, the heart breaks to the top, promoting the growth of the branch. After one year of plant growth, three to four branches in different directions of growth were selected from 30 to 40 centimetres above the ground, with the rest cut out. The next year, 10 to 30 centimetres above the main branch of the first layer, with three to four branches in different directions being chosen as the second branch. Each year thereafter, branches are kept in accordance with this law, resulting in an entire plant of up to 150 cm, with 12 to 15 branches. Following this method, each plant has a visible trunk, with three to four branches of each grade, and the whole tree is crowned。
The mountains spend time trimming, mainly in winter and summer. Winter cutting took place between november and february, focusing on the cutting of dead branches and the cross-cutting branches that affect the tree type. The summer cut followed the pick-up of flowers in june-september, mainly by cutting the twigs, the insect branches, the tiny branches, while taking care of them, hitting them on the top and rubbing them。
Combating drought and flooding. Although they are drought-resistant and damp-resistant, persistent droughts have a greater impact on their growth, and over-wet soil has a greater impact on them, leading to the weakening of the plant and the death of the plant as a direct result of long-term water stains. Extreme weather conditions have had a greater impact on the flowering of the buds, with persistent droughts, excessive rainfall and heavy wet seasons causing a significant decline in the production and quality of buds. The high incidence of droughts and floods in the north-western mountains of oso is an effort to improve the productivity and quality of mountain silver flowers, with a focus on combating drought and flooding. In the year of planting, in the event of prolonged drought, water was to be poured in time to prevent the death of seedlings due to severe soil scarcity. After the planting of the seedlings, it is important to continue to be sensitive to drought in the face of persistent drought. In the middle of the rainy season in the middle of the summer, in the event of heavy or sustained rainfall, low-lying high-lying wetland blocks need to be sensitive to the timely discharge of ditches and flooding. In the current period of fratricidal season, it is necessary to find ways to water the drought。
5. Precaution and cure. The main diseases under artificially grown conditions are rotting diseases, leopardism, chalk disease, brown spots, anthrax, etc. The main pests are aphids, red spiders, coffee tigers, gold and silver flounders, leopard moths and silver leaf bees。
The roots of the disease are infested and spread to the upper part of the plant, most of which is shown by the whole strain. The light foliage becomes light, and as the disease increases, the leaves turn yellow and fall, the severer dies. The disease is growing faster and more dangerous in high temperature and humidity. As the number of years of cultivation increases, the disease tends to increase year by year. Platinum disease usually occurs on the neck of a plant or on the stem. As the infection spreads and increases, the disease gradually rots and eventually forms a brown fungus nuclei. At high temperatures and rainy seasons and low-lying wetland blocks, the disease is growing faster and the mycelium can spread to the next branch. It's smaller, it's faded. Powder disease is a major hazard to leaves and tubers. The diseases on the leaves were initially small white dots, later extended to white powdered plasters, and the entire leaves were then covered with powdered powder, with the leaves turning yellow and even falling off when severe. Irregular brunettes are produced on the tubers, with powder. They distort and fall when they are serious. Brown plaster is mainly a loaf. Most cases begin with the next leaf, and are gradually spreading upwards, with the growth and growth of bacteria growing at high temperatures. In the early stages of the disease, tan spots appeared on the leaves, which later developed into polygonal spots. A gray frost on the back of the leaf is present during damp seasons, with a high rate of break-up in the middle of the drier season, and early yellow fall of the blades when the disease is severe. Anthrax is mainly a foliage, as well as a penis and tenderness. Most of the disease was infested from wounds, the first onset of the disease resulted in rusty and tumbled herbs on the back of the lower leaf, which were broken and sent out rusty powder, and early detection was not easy. The late leaves produce dark brown herbs, which, at high humidity, have pink viscous spores, which eventually merge into fragments to form piercs, leading to the dry fall of the leaves。
It is important to maintain a preventive and integrated approach to the disease. The first is to plant disease-resistant varieties adapted to the local environment; the second is to focus on the quality of seedlings and select healthy seedlings that are free of disease; the third is to select suitable areas and plots to be nuanced before planting; the fourth is to be reasonably dense and duly trimmed and to maintain a good ventilation; the fifth is to be fertilized by science, to apply more consumable organic fertilizers, to increase phosphorus fat and to promote the growth and strength of the plant; the sixth is to be sensitive to drought and drainage, especially during the rainy season, to catch up with the gutter and reduce the humidity of the field; the seventh is to catch pre-winternium cut and disinfect the garden; and the eighth is to undergo timely chemical control. Root and root diseases such as corrosive disease, albino disease, and so forth can be used for rooting out pathogens, and pneumoconiosis, brown spots and anthrax, etc., can be dealt with by spraying agents such as polybacterium, bacillus, methyl tobzin, and methadoxin。
Insect pests in the mountains can be destroyed by rational trimination, removal of grass and dead branches from the fields and pre-winter soil reclamation, and reduction of the pest base. If pests occur in large quantities, insecticides can be treated such as sugar envigation, insecticidal lanterns, cedars, etc., or sprayed with acupuncture insecticides such as beryllium, beryllium, institudium, and thorin. It should be noted that mountain silver flowers may not be sprayed with chemical pesticides during flower buds, when the use of safe biological or earth pesticides is required to ensure the quality of the product。
6. Timely harvesting and drying. The best time to pick is when the top of the bud is big, a little milky and white, and when the bottom is green and has a plume, it is best to pick it in the middle of the morning, when the bud is ripe or nearing maturity. Such buds are not easy to open, colour is good, fragrance is good and medicine is good. The harvest in the afternoon should end before the sun sets. The cut buds shall be placed in well-ventilated baskets and baskets to avoid flipping, crushing, drying or drying upon return. Cuts must not allow the pickled buds to be packed or piled too thick with impermeable plastics, otherwise the flowers may change the quality of the product as a result of suffocation。
Fresh buds are collected, usually taking the sun dry. The dryers shall be clean, shall be distributed thinly and shall be suitable for thickness not exceeding 3 cm. And the mountains shall not be sunburned in the sun, lest it be too dry to affect the quality. It can't be turned in the first days of the drying, but it can wait until 80% dry. The flower buds collected on the same day should preferably dry on the same day, and should be covered or mounted at night without drying, and continue to dry the sun the following day. The tan-drying buds are placed in a dry room, which is then moved back to the tide for a half-day to dry outside, removing leaves, impurities, etc., and are carefully packed in the cool and dry areas, so as to guard against the tide。
In the event of poor weather following the pick-up of flowers, efforts are made to dry them. You'll dry it at 30-35°c, then you'll bake it up to about 40°c for 5-10 hours, then you'll keep it at 40-50°c. At the end of 10 hours, the temperature rises to 55°c and the buds dry up to their feet (less than 12% water content). The bud can't stop drying。
In addition to drying in accordance with traditional technology, in recent years many places have resorted to drying. This is done by killing fresh buds first using steam or rollers before drying them. This method is significantly higher than the tanned pyrotechnic acid content, while high temperatures also kill bacteria, eggs and allow for long-term storage of mountain silver flowers。
