The second quantum revolution, represented by quantum calculations and quantum communication, the quantum entanglement that was challenged by einstein, and china's first global launch of quantum satellites... These are topical topics related to the recently discovered nobel prize for physics in 2022。
On 4 april, the royal swedish academy of sciences announced the award of the 2022 nobel prize for physics to french scientists alan aspei, united states scientist john crowdze and austrian scientist anton zellinger for their contribution to the “touching of photon experiments, validation of violations of bells and creation of quantum information science”。
Quantum mechanics, known by the scientific community as the first quantum revolution, have produced major inventions such as transistors and lasers since the beginning of the last century. Recently, the second quantum revolution, represented by quantum calculations and quantum communication, has emerged. In its award bulletin, the royal swedish academy of sciences stated that the contribution of the three winners this year in quantum tangling experiments “bringed the foundation for the ongoing revolution in quantum technology”。
Quantum entanglement is one of the most controversial issues in quantum mechanics. Quantum entanglement is a strange phenomenon of quantum mechanics, and there is a correlation between two quantums in a tangled state, no matter how far away they are from each other. One of the quantum states is changed, and the other is changed at short notice。
For a long time, some physicists, represented by einstein, were sceptical about quantum entanglements, which einstein called “ghosty hyper-distance effects”. They consider quantum theory to be “incompleted” and there is an interaction or transmission of information between tangled particles that have not been observed by humans, that is, a “hidden variable”。
In the 1960s, physicist john bell proposed a “bell-instinct” that could be used to validate quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics may be replaced by other theories if the bell variant remains valid。
In order to validate the bell range, united states scientist john clouseau designed experiments using special light exposures to calcium atoms, thereby launching tangled photons, and using filters to measure photofibration. After a series of measurements, krauser was able to prove that the results of the experiment were contrary to the bell variant and were consistent with quantum mechanics projections。
However, the experiment was limited by the fact that the experimental device was less efficient in producing and capturing particles, and the filter was in fixed angles. On this basis, french scientist alain aspe designed a new version of the experiment, which was better measured. Aspe filled an important gap in the krauser experiment and provided a very clear result: quantum mechanics was right and there were no “hidden variables”。
Austrian scientist anton zellinger subsequently carried out additional experimental tests of the bell hex. One of the experiments used signals from distant galaxies to control filters to ensure that signals did not interact with each other, further confirming the validity of quantum mechanics. Cailinger and colleagues also used quantum entanglement to demonstrate a phenomenon called quantum invisibility, which shifted the quantum state from one particle to another. Its team has also made a number of research advances in such areas as quantum communication。
One important achievement was the successful implementation in 2017 of the world's first ever quantum-confidential intercontinental video call by chinese and austrian scientists using china's ink quantum satellite. This is also why the nobel prize for physics commissioned urs hans hans hansen to present a picture of china's quantum satellite, which shows intercontinental quantum communication experiments between china and europe, when reading the award results on the ground。
Researchers around the world have discovered many new ways to take advantage of the powerful characteristics of quantum mechanics, as the official gazette of the award states, and these have benefited from the contributions of the three winners this year. They have removed the bell-like “roadblockers”, which is why the communiqué praises “their results have paved the way for new technologies based on quantum information”。
