Gansu sung county walnut production technology
Wang zheng
The walnut tree is tall and tall, 8-18 m tall, with a life expectancy of over 300 years, and is a fruit-based tree. Its nutritional value is high and its micronutrients are rich, not only edible, but also medicinal value for renal brain supplementation. Its wood texture and resistance are important industrial materials. Walnut trees are radiant, fat, cold-resistant and grow well in deep, lax, well drained and corroded micro- acid to micro-alkali soils. The conservation of soil and water, protection from wind and sand, reduction of noise and improvement of environmental efficiency are more widespread and have a long history of cultivation in the country, with the exception of the north-east, the interior of mongolia and tibet, and are the first tree species to be planted in the western part of the country. The following is a brief summary of the technical aspects of walnut cultivation。
1, tree breeding
1. 1 cultivation methods
Walnuts tend to reproduce in two ways, sexual and non-sexual. Inheritance is non-sexual, and seed reproduction is sexual, i. E. Live. At present, non-sexual reproduction technologies are used around the world, characterized by early outcomes, high yields and high resistance to pests and diseases, facilitating intensive operations and management on a scale. Shortcomings are that non-sexual reproduction requires aluminum, which is cultivated through nurseries。
1. 2 selection of nursery land and landscape
The nursery land shall be chosen in areas where the ground is flat, the soil is fertile and the soil is lax, with drainage conditions and easy to transport. The total area is dominated by deep tilling of the soil, increasing soil permeability and eliminating the disease。
1. 3 seeding
Seeds are spread in spring and autumn, usually at the end of march or early april, before seeding, i. E. Immersed in cold water from 7 to 10 d, so that they can sow when they inflate into a crack; seeds do not have to be treated, and can sow directly after harvest. The seeding of walnuts is easily on-demand, i. E. A 1 m wide seed bed, 2 rows per bed, 40 cm wide, 10-15 cm long, and the suture of the seeds of walnuts at the next planting is to be vertically to the ground and to the point. In general, sowing amounts range from 1,350 to 2,250 kg/hm 2, with 10 to 15 d seedlings available after seeding, 90 per cent of seedlings combine urea application with irrigation, 120 kg/hm 2, and in july-august, with one second of phosphorus and potassium fat, which can contribute to the ageing of the tree, increase winterization capacity, and two to three years of tree production。
2. Walnut garden construction
Walnut gardening is the premise and foundation for the production of rich plants, with walnuts laying leaves and wood for warm temperate zones, and luminous thawing and condensation when the light is sufficient, suitable for the annual average temperature of 6-8°c, with a long-term duration of 160 d and a period of 30 to 50 years. Accordingly, walnut gardens are selected on a sun slope or semi-mode slope with soil thickness of more than 2 m, ph values of 6. 5-8. 5 and groundwater table of less than 2 m, and can be found in dams, hills and mountains. The mountains are built with an equidistance of 4 to 5 m and are designed to plant pits along the equivalent lines, which are then designed in conjunction with road planning in a number of small areas, the shape of which depends on the terrain。
3. Afforestation
3. 1 landscape
The land is prepared before afforestation, and the land is sorely plowed that stones and weeds are removed. When the slope is greater than 15°, a fish plume can be dug along the contour line or a pedestal pit with a specification of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m, with a range of 5 m x 6 m for premature and 9 m x 10 m for later sophisticated varieties。
3. 2 bleeding treatment
The walnut tree is planted with roots which are replaced by cutting down the lower end of the tree and removing the fractured and damaged parts, then impregnating the tree roots into the water 12 h and extracting them from the water, then insulating them with 300 thiomers or 1,000 times the potassium permanganate solution with 1 min of fungicide, and finally embedding the silvicultural roots of the silt 2,000 times the amount of impregnated apt 10-30 min。
3. 3 cultivation
When planted, the roots of the seedlings shall be stretched and put into the pit to hold them right, and the ground shall be laid down and the tree shall be slowly lifted up. The ground shall be so deep as to exceed 2 cm of the ground marks of the tree, that it shall be cut around the roots of the tree, water shall be poured, then the pine soil shall be covered and the membrane shall be covered。
4. Field management
4. 1 fertilizer management
Fertilizer management is an important component of walnut fertilization, with one water injection before the spring gestation, followed by appropriate water injections depending on soil conditions. After planting in the autumn, around 20 d water was pumped 1 time and 1 more time before the soil was frozen. Fertilizers are in principle planted in the same year, mainly on the face of the leaves, and are sprayed every half month with 300 to 500 times the urea after the spread of the leaves, and in late july, the supply of nitrogen fertilizer was stopped, and since august, 300 to 500 times the potassium hydroxyphosphate was sprayed every half month. Root fertilization is combined with irrigation at later ages, at the beginning and at the height。
4. 2 integrative shearing
Intracting is an important measure for the cultivation of walnuts by means of short cut-off, retrenchment, wiping, long-stretching, opening-up angles, heart cutting and shade removal. Rarely-planted late-literate varieties tend to be dominated by natural pleasure, while the well-planted early-literate varieties are dominated by hammer-shaped varieties. The best period for shearing is mid-december to mid-march of the following year, when the trees are dormant and have fewer post-cut injuries. Naturally happy shapes leave no main branches, i. E., no central leadership, and all levels of bone branches remain flexible, so that the cut trees can be shaped, formed quickly and produce early results. The branches are gradually opening up after the end of the outcome period and are well ventilated, allowing for the application of fertilisation and water; the hammer shape is most suitable for pre-established dense plantations, where the centre is kept standing and dry, around which 8-15 branches are kept and stretching around, the lower branch is slightly longer and the appearance is hammered。
5. Pest management
As a result of traditional attitudes, large numbers of farmers focus on the planting of walnut trees and are left unmanaged, causing serious insect hazards and, in some cases, even extinctions, leading to a decline in the incentive of farmers to grow and, in some cases, even cutting down of walnut trees. Information indicates that there are more than 10 diseases in walnut trees and more than 60 pests. Among the more serious diseases are bacterial black spots of walnuts, anthrax of walnuts and dead walnut branches; the more serious pests are moths of silver almonds, large sack moths, moths of moths, walnuts, walnuts, walnut cleavages, flat leaves, aromatic moths, yellow swabs, copper green gold turtles, shellworms, etc。
5. 1 walnut disease control measures
The first is to strengthen field management, remove disease and death branches in a timely manner, improve ventilation in the garden, fertilize and water in due course, and increase the resistance of walnut trees to disease. The second is the complete removal of the dead trees in the garden, the fallen fruit, the leaves and the green skin removed from the harvest, and the concentration of burning or deep burial. The third is the application of 1,000 times before the walnut sprouts, 5 pometrophsulphides or 200 times a half-volume of bordol fluid, which is sprayed every 15 days, starting three weeks after flowering, of 50% of the polygluctable powder 600 times the fluid or 72% of the agrocinol soluble powder 4,000 times the fluid until the fruit matures。
The walnut tree seedlings of the u. S. Began fruit tree tree seedlings were planted north and south that year
5. 2 walnut pest control measures
Night moth larvae larvae, mid-april to mid-may, are treated with 2% aphid powder 3,000 times the fluid or 1. 8% avf 2,500 times the fluid; the larvae larvae larvae, mid-april to the end of august, are removed from the larvae, and 1. 2% of bitter smoke cream 1,000 times the fluid or 1. 8% of avf 1,500 times the fluid or 1,000 times the fluid is killed and then sealed with clay. During larvae plumbation, a 2% aphid microcapsule of 2,500 times the fluid or 200 times the green wire is used to spray a tree, to eliminate the plume into the worm; to protect the natural enemies of the pests, bees, yellow bees, woodpeckers, etc。
The result of the walnut saplings in the south and the walnut saplings in the south
