Green-led key technologies for efficient and high-quality grape cultivation
To address the high density of grapes, tree disorders, heavy production, light quality, low efficiency and disease, small tree canopy canopy, retrofitting, oscillating fruit control, green control, ecological grass control core technology, with application facilities for planting, soil improvement and harvesting. The technology is suitable for application in areas where fresh grapes are produced。
I. Core technologies
1. Long-term high-quality production has been achieved through the extension of tree canopy, the directed development of standardized tree shapes, the creation of balance between the tree and the upper and lower parts of the ground, the effective control of tree positions, and the resolution of technical difficulties such as the almost uninterrupted planting of plants resulting in long-term dysentery and poor ventilation。
Resilient integration shearing techniques the "h" shape, i. E., the four main chickens, in a two-way, two-point shape, with a high-strength trunk with four main chickens on both sides, with a shape of the letter "h" on the shelf. One-word integrator is a two-principal chicken, which is shaped on the face of the shelf in the form of one. The technique of standardized oscillation and cutting of grapes is simple and easy, allowing for the proceduralization and standardization of the associated planting techniques, models and product quality control, so that each branch of chicken and each ear grows in a uniform manner and the size of the fruit is even. It also allows for the ventilation of plants, the scarcity of pests and diseases, and the quality of fruit。
3. Speculative fruit control techniques the amount of fruit left in each ear after the flower leaves between 40 and 60, depending on the characteristics of the species and the size of the fruit. In order to improve and improve the quality of grapes, the denuclearization of fruit grains was carried out during flower seasons using cacinin and magnesium. Precious fruit is like soybean hour pack。
4. Green control techniques, by pre-winter cutting, tilling the soil, coating of special whites and spraying of protective medicines, move before orchard pest control time points to the fruit tree hibernation, reduce the field disease base and reduce the occurrence of second year pests. (1) colorboard seduction. A combination of pests and natural enemies would be more advantageous to use the blue board as an early warning tool, with the palette hanging relatively well outside the grapes and with the maximum amount of time spent away from natural enemy peaks. The use of palette seduction techniques can effectively reduce pesticide use, save costs and improve product safety. (2) winter clean-up. During winter hibernation, measures such as gardening, painting, tillage and agent prevention can destroy the winterization environment of the worms, effectively reduce the orchard disease base, reduce post-mortem pest control pressure and entrench the high-quality base of grape abundance。
Green eco-control grass technology vegetable grass, i. E., artificial whole-plant grass or inter-tree grass, can efficiently manage orchard soil on the one hand, and eliminate the harmful weed living space on the other, but need to be properly managed to maximize the combined benefits. (1) grasstime. In the autumn or spring, the soil is ploughed, the seeding of short, adaptable grass such as beans or grasses is chosen, and the use of multiflower grass, light leaves, arrow beans, white leaves, red leaves and tri leaves is recommended. (2) sowing techniques. Seeds need to be treated prior to sowing, either by stripping or sowing, and in dry areas that are wet or irrigated, usually by narrow lines, usually ranging from 15 to 20 cm. The sowing requires that the grass seed be spread as evenly as possible over the soil surface, and then slowly torn. (3) field management. The soil moisture is regulated through irrigation and drainage control. The main irrigation period is characterized by the high demand for soybean grass from branch to flowering. Fertilizers are applied rationally, predominantly organically, supported by fertilizers, which are applied in depth and in combination with various kinds of fertilizers, due to soil, grass varieties and periods of fertilization. (4) reasonable cutting. Multi-year grasses need to consume energy during winter and roots need to be stored sufficient nutrients before winter, and poaching can allow the plant sufficient time to absorb and store nutrients before growing. The weeds are spread around the root of the grapes after they have been cut, which, on the one hand, can control the weeds around the roots and, on the other hand, the grass can be decompressed and directly supplied for grape growth。
Supporting technologies
1. Facility planting techniques
The technology of facilities is mainly rain-shielding and production. Rain-shielding techniques are designed to protect against rain by building up on the top of the grape shelf. Rain sheds cover wet heat-resistant, scratch-resistant and luminous plastic sheeting, a form of planting that covers the rain. They are based on simple small arch sheds, single large sheds and joint sheds; they contribute to the cultivation of grapes that survive low-temperature hiatus, early springs of the membranes that protect them from rain, i. E., by “promoting early and late rains”, an early cultivation method that promotes the maturity of grapes, which is based on mono, diaphragms, trims and solar greenhouses. Common pipe farmers use sheds, which are built in an extended north-south direction, to increase the sun evenly in the shed and reduce temperature differentials in the shed. They are 20 to 60 metres long, 6 to 8 metres wide, 1. 8 to 4 metres high on their shoulders, 3 to 6 metres high on their ceilings, and 0. 8 to 1. 2 metres between their single sheds. It has been shown that the membranes, which are used in the second year, have declined significantly and are not suitable for many years. Facility planting techniques allow better control of grape growing environments, including temperature, humidity and light, and make them more suitable for grape growth. It has also reduced the incidence of diseases, significantly reduced the number of pesticide uses and ensured the safety and quality of grapes。
2. Soil improvement techniques. Soil improvement techniques are the scientific use of high-quality organic fertilizers, microbacterizers, soil adjusters, trace elements, etc., to produce grass plants, improve soil properties, increase soil fertility and create a good soil environment for the production of high-quality and stable grapes. (1) land improvement of the entire park prior to its construction. The application of fully fertilized organic fertilizers or high-quality commercial organic fertilizers, with organic materials such as rice shells, straws, vinegar, fungs and slag, is sufficiently mixed and ploughs around 20 centimetres throughout the garden. (b) digging into a ditch, 40 ~ 60 cm deep, 80 - 120 cm wide, adding microbacterium, calcium, micronutrients, etc. (2) local soil improvement after construction. Deep tillage and soil conversion, mainly after harvesting, are combined with the application of fertilizer in autumn. The roots of grapes are mostly distributed at depths of 20 to 60 centimetres of cultivation, thus generally 60 centimetres. The soil is modified in the form of ditches, diaphragms, cyclopedias, etc., and in the form of corroded organic, microbial, calcium, trace elements, etc., which are fully mixed with the soil. The conversion of a ditch is done year by year from the line of planting, by digging 60 cm deep and 60 cm wide; the conversion of a two-side den, by digging 60 cm deep, 80 cm wide and 1. 5 m long on the other side of the adult trunk; and the conversion of a ring, by digging 60 cm deep and 70 cm wide on the other side of the adult tree trunk, by two to four metres from the adult tree trunk. (3) the winter green fertilizer. The light and soil nutrients of the winter vineyards should be fully utilized, with green fats such as purple clouds and vegetable oils grown in september-october, and the following march-april, when green flowers were to be destroyed. (4) organic material cover. Agricultural waste, such as vinegar, mushroom slag, straw and rice shells, are fully exploited and fertilized in the autumn and winter, evenly spread over grapes. (5) soils are deep-frozen. The winter vineyards are combined with fertilizers, with deep tillage of the inter-raisers'soil, which is then refilled by cryogenic frost. Deep tillage has reduced soil hardness, increased soil voids, improved soil air and water penetration, increased soil water content and facilitated aerobic micro-organisms, accelerated soil organicity and decomposition, increased soil fertility and enabled root populations to fully absorb nutrients and moisture from the soil。
3. Quality pricing through the development of collection methods, listing points and classification criteria for main-plant grape varieties. (1) collection in due time. Fruit sweetness meets the standards of quality in the varieties and is collected when the varieties are colourful, smelly and fragrance. The harvest usually takes place at lower morning ears, where the maturity of the same tree is not consistent, in batches, and avoids, as much as possible, high noon temperatures or high wetness during rainy days. Grapes are collected from fresh brown and mature branches, which are collected in such a way that they do not have direct contact with the cone so as not to destroy the pollen, so that they can be cut off by hand, about 5 centimetres away, placed in a transport box and placed in a single layer. (2) classified sales. According to the listing criteria, mature grapes are divided into 3 to 5-grade targeted sales to achieve good quality prices. Level 1 quality, typical of a fruit luminous, clean, insect-free, non-polluting, luminous, luminous, smouldered, smouldered, fragrance and fragrance; level 2 quality, clean luminous, pest-free, non-polluting, fragrance and fragrance, requiring only grade 1 sizes for a fruit luminous and pellets; grades 3-5 quality, which are of a commercial nature。
Iii. Notes
Application of rare-planted tree canopy technology to facilitate mechanization; proficiency in the application of “h” shape, “one” font integrator and cutting techniques; rational application of oscillating fruit control and production technology to the tree position; reasonable load depending on the type of species and output target; enhanced pest and disease monitoring, with effective and timely control。
