I. Onion characteristics, characteristics
Plants are standing, small, blades are thin, and are 32-38 cm tall. It can form 9-11 centimetres in january-april, 6-7 in may-september and 15-16 in october-december. It's very small, 7-15 cm. Roots are developed, shallow, 5 cm long or so. Seeds can be grown sexually, seeded and planted separately。
The onions are cold and heat-resistant, and can be cultivated four seasons a year. But the temperature range that best suits it is 18°c-23°c. Onion roots are shallow, drought-resistant and suitable for growth in loose and fertile soils。
Ii. Selection of fields
Land parcels shall be selected to be flattened, the soil shall be free of contamination or non-hazardous treatment, easy to drain and drain, deep, well-structured and well-structured, suitable for sandy or bordered soil, with soil organic content above 1. 5% and ph values between 6. 0-7. 0。
Iii. Cultivation management measures
(i) choice of varieties
The main varieties are four-dimmy onions, sichuan onions, roon onions 1, zongzhou onions and small onions that have been grown in various places for a long time。
The acreage is 1. 2 - 1. 5 kg. It is immersed for 20 minutes with 55°c warm water, washed with water, dryed and sowed. High-season, well-oiled plots of land are selected, high-slender beds of 1. 2 metres wide are made, and decomposed organic fertilizers are applied as base fertilizers。
Before seeding, seedbeds were filled with bottom water, with seeds of 4-5 grams per square metre of seed bed, then covered with 0. 5 centimetres of fine soil, and water was poured after repression. At the same time, sunnets are covered or straw is protected by wetting. The soil is humid until leaves are produced。
(ii) plantation
Before planting, seedlings are screened and the strains of disease, disability and weakness are removed. Scrutinize and remove the root, leaving 2-3 cm to stimulate new root development. Plantation is carried out at a distance of 20 cm and 10 cm, with 4-6 plants per den。
Onions and onions can be properly rared, lightly planted, about 3 cm-5 cm, and water can be sown in time. Fifty per cent of the filamentable powder can be immersed for 5-10 minutes with more than 50 per cent of it。
(iii) reasonable rotation
Onion-producing areas should be rotated for two to three years with non-injecting crops, with porridge-onions, maize-onions, roasted smoke-onions, etc。
(iv) the whole area
Following the pre-harvest, ploughs, tans, fine floors were ploughed in due course, with a north-south width of 4. 5 m, a long face of 1. 2 m, a ditch of 0. 3 m and a depth of 0. 2 m. Make sure you're flat。
(v) cultivation and reasonable secrecy
Time of seeding
(1) spring
Plantation moved in january and collected in mid-april, covering the membranes for the morning。
(2) summer
Plantation was moved from late april to early june and collected at the end of may/july. This can be used to plant the sunnets or set them in high-dry crops to supply the “summer” market。
Autumn
Plantation moved late in august-september and was released from mid-september to november. When the autumn onions move, the temperature is high and some rice straw can be spread between the lines to cool and keep them wet。
(4) winter
Replanted october-november and collected january-february. Winter temperatures are low, onions are slow to grow, and “falls” are used in production to supply the new year's and spring festival markets。
2. Sowing density and species use
The onions vary according to size of onion, dry wetting of onions, soil fertility, target yield and production season, usually from 120 to 180 kg/acre for onion-oriented products, with a walk distance of 10 x 12 cm and 45,000/acres。
3. Sowing methods
On the side of the platinum, vertically in a row of 3-4 cm deep, seeding on the basis of the distance, then covering the soil with 2-3 cm, if the soil is thick, it can also be shown at the line distance。
(vi) fertilizer, water management
1. Water in due course
The roots of the onions are shallow, drought and flooding, and water shall be poured in accordance with the tenderness and sapiness. Onions of the small springs usually have to be watered 6-7 times throughout their reproductive life。
2. Timely tilling
When onions are grown, weeds should be cultivated in a timely manner to prevent soil slabs and weeds。
3. Reasonable fertilization
(1) fertilizer principles
Fertilizers should be applied strictly in accordance with the criteria for the application of fertilizers for the production of non-hazardous agricultural products, in keeping with the principle of full decomposition of organic fertilizers, supported by chemical fertilizers; the principle of primary fertilizers, supported by the pursuit of fertilizers; and the principle of multiple composite fertilizers, supported by modular fertilizers。
(ii) gestapo
Farmers are fully decomposed at 3000 - 4000 kg/acre, calcium perphosphate at 50 kg/acre, tri-dollar composite fertilizer (n:p:k=15:15) 25kg/acre, which is to be evenly mixed with soil。
(3) following fat
The onion roots are thinly distributed, less absorbent, intolerant to strong fat, drought and flooding, and must be watered in a small manner, with attention to the timely elimination of water accumulation after rain. After planting the seedlings, a timely combination of water for the profit of zakami or 5-8 kg of impurium or 3-5 kg of carmi sea treasure, usually applied once in 10-15 days to harvest
No more pursuits for 15 days。
(vii) integrated pest management
Principles of prevention and treatment
In accordance with the principle of “preventive, integrated treatment”, priority is given to agricultural control, biological control, physical control, scientific rational use of chemical control and prohibition of the use of highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides。
2. Methods of response
(1) agricultural control
Selection of disease resistant varieties, rational layout, rotational fallback, seed treatment, rational fertilization, enhanced management of chinese farming, cleaning of fields and reduction of insect sources。
(2) biological control
Protect natural enemies, create environmental conditions conducive to the survival of natural enemies, and select pesticides with low lethal force against natural enemies, such as bt emulsants, agro-chain carcinin。
(3) physical control
One is to set up an amphibious infestation lamp per 30-50 acre; the other is to carry 20-30 cedars per acre infestation。
(4) chemical control
1 soil disinfection
Insects and pests are distributed with 50% more fungus per acre or 70% digthion 1-2kg plus 3% thiophosphorus granular agent 1. 5kg mixed with fine earth。
2 major pest control
Onions, leaf flies, aphids: the option is to use 4. 5% high-efficiency chlorocypermethrin milk of 2,000 times or 5% or 2500 times too much cream。
Frostosis: 75 per cent of the bacterial wettable powder may be used 700 times the fluid at the beginning of the disease, 80 per cent of the disembowelable manganese powder 500 times the fluid, and 58 per cent of the agents, including 600 times the mercuric manganese zinc。
Plasmosis: at the beginning of the onset of the disease, 50% more than 500 times the liquids are available for treatment, 70% more than 500 times the liquids for methyl sulphate and 25% more than 1,000 times the liquids for methrin。
Leaf spots, leaf deadness: 70% of the bacterial wettable powder may be selected for treatment at the beginning of the disease by 700 times the fluid, 64% of the venomous powder 600 times the fluid, 58% of the mercuric manganese zinc 600 times the fluid or 25% of the meshamine cream 2,000 times the fluid。
Anthrax: at the beginning of the outbreak, 25% of the fresh metamine humid powder is 800 times the fluid, or 25% of the bromine humid powder 500 times the fluid, or 70% of the methyl tobuzin humid powder 600 times the fluid, or 40% of the polysulphine suspension 500 times the fluid, or 2% of the farmers are resistant to 200 times the spray or rooting。
Albinosis: a timely spraying at the beginning of the onset of the disease, which can be used to control 70 per cent of methyl tobuzin 1000-1500-fold liquids, or 25 per cent of polybactrin 250-fold liquids, or 40 per cent of the fungus nuclei l000-1500-fold. Or 130 g of chloronitrobenzene powder per acre, with 13 kg of soil scattered in root. The above-mentioned pests are treated every 7 to 10 days, 2 to 3 times, and the agents are used interchangeably。
(viii) collection in due time
Every effort should be made to choose between warm and warm weather, as this is conducive to maintaining the quality and quality of onions。
