Owing to the disastrous weather of the summer and autumn, some areas are facing challenges in the production of vegetables in autumn and winter, owing to delays in the broadcasting (planting) of vegetables, the weakness of young seedlings and recent large-scale cooling. In order to strengthen the management of vegetables in the field, to upgrade the technology of vegetable production, to effectively prepare for and respond to catastrophic weather and to ensure a steady supply of vegetables during the winter and evening season, the department of plantation management of the ministry of agriculture and rural affairs, in conjunction with the national centre for agricultural technology extension, the ministry of agriculture and rural development's steering group of vegetable experts, and the national system of technology for large vegetable industries, have been studying and developing technical guidance for the production of winter vegetables。
The solar greenhouses produce critical technologies in winter
(i) facility equipment maintenance enhancements
1. Reinforcement of greenhouses. Inspections for maintenance of greenhouse skeletons, poles, walls and access routes, in particular old greenhouses with weak resistance to snow and snow and security risks, should be reinforced at an early stage. In the event of extreme weather events, such as a blizzard, temporary poles should be installed to enhance the resistance of the skeleton to the snow and, if necessary, to break the membranes。
2. Maintenance equipment. Environmental control equipment such as greenhouse circuits, snow removal equipment and drapesters, vents, light patches and emergency heating equipment should be overhauled to ensure proper use of the equipment。
3. Replacement of shrouds. Pre-winter replacement of worn-out sheet film and choice of long-lived, drip-free, high-photo and high-temperature multi-purpose plastic film, with an east-west-to-peer greenhouse choosing to scatter light film。
4. Enhanced coverage. The choice of water-resistant, anti-age-resistant temperature cover, which should be seamlessly connected, the timely replacement of damaged or temperature-preserving cover that does not meet requirements, and the introduction of double cover in high-cold areas, or the addition of indoor temperature protection to ensure that the temperature-preserve meets vegetable production requirements。
(ii) enhanced environmental control of production processes
Temperature management. Temperatures in greenhouses growing hotly warm vegetables are controlled at 26 - 32°c during the day, with a minimum temperature above 8°c in the morning, and cover the temperature-preservation cover when the temperature outside the night is below 10°c. In winter, only the top ventilation is carried out and a buffer film is mounted below the vent, while the impact of cold winds on crops is reduced by the presence of film or temperature protection at the entrance or exit of greenhouses. In rain and snow weather, protection against wetting is prevented by external covering of plastic film. In case of extreme weather events, such as severe cooling, temporary warming is carried out using multiple layers of cover or using high-pressure sodium lamps, hot stoves, heaters, burners, etc。
2. Light management. Clean filaments guarantee a perforation rate, which, subject to ensuring temperature, can be implemented early and late to cover the temperature and extend the time of indoor light. In areas where light is insufficient, it is desirable that the reflection film be mounted at a suitable angle on the rear slope of the greenhouse, increasing the intensity of the light in the greenhouse. In consecutive snowy weather, it is possible to roll up temperature-conservation coverings, lift light, and install high-pressure sodium lamps or led patches with conditions。
3. Humidity management. Reasonable control of ambient air moisture to reduce occurrence. In the morning, temperature protection is carried out in short-term ventilated and wet temperatures before temperature protection is set down in the evening, and should not exceed 20 minutes. In the event of continuous snow and rain, ventilation can take 10 to 20 minutes at high indoor temperatures at noon。
4. Water management. Air moisture can be reduced by drenched or drip irrigation, a small number of multiple pourings, the planting of straws in the crosswalk, and crop straws. Raining is chosen in the morning and ventilation is wet at high noon temperatures. At low temperatures, the air moisture of the greenhouses is reduced by the application of devices such as powderers, smoke machines, or by heating, dehumidifiers, etc。
(iii) implementation of key agricultural practices
1. Soil barrier abatement techniques. In combination, the soil fertility is enhanced by the repositioning of vegetables to the fields or to the fields and by the return of rice shells. Soils with severe endemic diseases are disinfected with lime nitrogen (40-60 kg/acre) or cotton cologne (20-30 kg/acre), increasing biocofertilizers and optimizing soil population structure. The conditions allow for deep-soil conversion, with depths of about 40 cm。
2. Fostering technology. (c) the use of high-precipitation or high-precipitation plants to increase the application of sufficiently decomposed, high-quality organic or high-carbon composting before planting. Vegetables can be grown on or before covering the membranes one or two times, promoting deep roots. Cultivated acids or algae fats can be applied during the winter to promote root system growth; leaf-face fats such as glucose or amino acids can be applied to promote plant growth. Prior to cooling, plant growth regulators such as thaline or trace element fertilizers such as manganese, copper, zinc, or fertilizers such as polythroacine, algae acid and crustaceans were sprayed on the leaves to enhance crop resilience。
Plumbing fruit technology. The rational use of plant growth adjusters in the cold seasons promotes the development of vegetables and vegetables. Vegetables such as eggplants are pollinated with bear bees or vibrate aids, and tomatoes use sodium chlorophenoxyacetic acid spray during flowering。
4. Plantation adjustment techniques. Vegetables such as eggplant fruit and melons should be prepared in a timely manner, such as chickens, whole branches, grafts, grafts, grafts, berries, etc., so as to improve the ventilation of the group and maintain the balance of the fruit plant. In the event of unusual weather events, such as continuous daylight or severe cooling by colds, early harvest of commercial fruits and proper grafting of fruit should be undertaken, the function of leaves should be maintained and the ability of vegetables to recover from disasters should be enhanced。
5. Fertilizer management techniques. The water is watered “three times without water”, i. E. It is watered in the clear, it is not watered in the dark, it is watered in the morning, it is not watered in the afternoon, it is watered in the small water and it is not watered in the heavy water. Select to water the mornings of consecutive sunny days with water temperatures above 10°c. Vegetables such as eggplants and melons may use high nitrogen, high potassium-based water solubility, fertilizer products that add sequestered trace elements or contain functional substances such as corrosive acids, amino acids, algae acids and plant-inducing proteins to promote plant growth. In the low-temperature oligopoly season, the nutrients required for growth are supplemented by the application of 0. 3% potassium phosphate + 0. 3% calcium nitrate + 1% glucose, or 0. 3% high potassium water soluble fertilizer + 0. 2% calcium chloride + 1% glucose。
6. Pest control techniques. Insect pest control, with high-efficiency and low-toxic pesticides, vegetables focus on pests such as aphids, tremors, mites, pyroclastic lice, as well as diseases such as grey silts, frosts, anthrax, etc., with priority given to biological or biological-source pesticides such as green fungus, pyrocococcus, musculosis, scincin, polycinin, amino-velloxin, scientifically sound mix and rotation of pesticide use; and compliance with pesticide safety intervals。
Key technology for the production of plastic sheds in winter
(i) improved regulation of the production environment
Improved lighting conditions in the sheds. The selection of fine-photo, long-duration drip-bearing and protection against acoustics, initial light penetration of more than 85 per cent of the pe, eva or po multifunctional film, timely cleaning of the film cover during use, guaranteed permeability, replacement of filaments that meet the light requirements for vegetable production in winter, and the use of sodium lamps or led re-lights to compensate for the light in a conditional park。
Implementation of temperature control and wetting measures. The temperature requirements for different types of vegetables are met by the use of light insulation and wetting materials, such as swirling, in the sheds for short-term surface cover, or by the use of multiple layers of cover, such as “shelter + shed + shed”. Multilayered membranes, which should be opened in time for the day, subject to guaranteed temperature, to increase light intensity in the shed. In the event of severe cooling, temporary heating can be done by means of high-pressure sodium lamps, hot wind stoves, heaters, burners, etc., and by combining smoke and so forth. (c) to minimize ventilation, ventilating moisture, using high permafrost cultivation and submural irrigation techniques, or to reduce air moisture in the shed by covering stowing materials such as straw, crop straw, etc., in between cultivation, without affecting the temperature in the shed。
3. Management of water fertilizers at low temperatures. In the cold and cloudy periods, attention is paid to the frequency of watering to prevent the death of the seedlings. Long and weak plants can be sprayed with sugar, amino acid-based foliage and plant growth regulators (preventants), which promote the growth and strength of plants and increase their resilience to colds。
4. Responding effectively to extreme weather. In the event of wind and ice weather, pre-screening and maintenance of the skeletal structure, reinforcement of the scavengers with weak resistance to snow and snow and security risks, temporarily adding poles and, if necessary, defacement of the membranes。
(ii) implementation of key agricultural practices
1. Soil barrier abatement techniques. Soil disinfection using lime nitrogen (40-60kg/acre) or cotton taron (20-30kg/acre) can increase soil improvement agents such as biocarbon, silicium potassium magnesium fertilizer and increase soil ph。
2. Fostering technology. Increased application of high-quality composting or increased use of commercial organic fertilizer to improve soil permeability. The pursuit of fertilizer increases the frequency of application of aqueous fertilizers such as amino acids, corrodic acids and promotes root system growth and growth。
3. Reasonable and timely harvesting. (b) reasonable planting, depending on the type of crop cultivation and environmental conditions. Vegetables such as fruit and vegetables should be balanced against a low-temperature scavenging relationship and be harvested in a timely manner; other types of vegetables should be properly arranged according to market conditions and the commodity nature of the product. The timely harvesting of vegetables that meet commodity standards prior to a disaster reduces disaster losses。
4. Pest management techniques. The central and central parts of the yangtze river focus on combating aphids, tremors, larvae and other diseases, such as as cogil, root and ailments. Priority is given to the use of highly effective, low-toxic pesticides and the substitution of medications, and to the observance of pesticide safety intervals, with the use of water and dry rotations to combat endemic diseases。
Key technologies for field vegetable production in winter
(i) strengthening field management. In the south, which is characterized by heavy winter rains, which tend to lead to the accumulation of water in vegetable fields, the canals should be kept open and the rains should be followed by timely drainage. Freezing of the soil by the root of vegetables before cold, freezing or cold flows. Proper pre-winter control of fertilisation, reduction of water recharge, and the choice of clear water before the onset of cold tides, mitigation of low-temperature hazards and restoration of long-term increased moisture and nutrient supply. For plots severely damaged by typhoons, the replanting of varieties with relatively short or more cold-resistant fertility periods。
(ii) increased temperature protection. Grounds can cover materials such as plastic sheeting, unwieldy sheeting, or make small arch sheds to protect against cold and increase temperature protection. Vegetables such as garlic, spinach, etc. Can use fields to cover organic materials, sowing corn in the fields, wheat, etc., crop straws, or rotting cow dung, chicken dung, etc., to promote early spring delivery。
(iii) prevention of pests and diseases. Regular inspections are carried out to monitor the occurrence of pests and diseases and to clear leaves and strains in a timely manner. Chemical control should be based on the use of highly effective, low-toxic pesticides, substitution drugs, compliance with safe intervals for pesticides, and strict application of specifications for pesticide use。
