In order to respond effectively to weather events in the summer, strengthen vegetable management in the field and promote the safe production of vegetables, the department of plant management of the ministry of agriculture and rural development, in collaboration with the national centre for agricultural technology extension, the ministry of agriculture and rural development's expert group on vegetables, and the national system of technology for the large vegetables industry, has developed technical guidelines for the production of vegetables in the north。
I. Vegetable intensification
(i) enhanced preparedness for catastrophic weather
Close attention is paid to short- and medium- and long-term weather forecasts for local meteorological services, in order to keep the sun warm, prevent the rain and prevent disease in time, and actively prepare for autumn breeding. First, the nursery facilities should be carefully inspected and the installation, walls, pillars, shrubs and other key points should be strengthened in time to prevent collapse. The second is to conduct a careful inspection of the drainage system in the nursery area, dredging and draining ditches ahead of time, maintaining full network connectivity, overhauling and preparing equipment such as drainage pumps. The third is the timely maintenance and maintenance of electrical installations to prevent power outages and outages. Fourth is to improve the equipment for sun-shield cooling, rain-proofing and disease prevention facilities and to improve the overall capacity of nursery sites to cope with extreme weather events。
(ii) strengthened management of nursery environment
When the light is tanned, the outer sunshield should be used in a timely manner to keep, to the extent possible, a distance of 10-30 cm between the sunshield and the shroud, forming windways. When the temperature of the shed is too high, all roofs and side vents should be opened to enhance the flow of air and reduce the temperature. At extremely high temperatures, cooling systems such as sun shades, wet curtains-wind machines and fog can be activated simultaneously. Before thunderstorms, the wind vents were closed in a timely manner to prevent the rain from pouring into the sheds, and the temperature was cooled in a timely manner. In the morning, in the evening and in the dark, care should be taken not to cover sun-shield facilities, to increase light time for young children and to promote light cooperation. The use of bottom irrigation such as tidal irrigation and floating irrigation is recommended。
(iii) strengthened growth control in the nursery season
Integrated approaches to the growth and development of young children prevent the growth of young children in vegetables. The first is the rational regulation of the growth environment of the seedlings, the increase in light time and the fact that it is not appropriate at night to cover the sun-shield facility in order to reduce the temperature and increase the temperature differential between day and night. Second is the use of ventilation to disturb the seedlings and to increase the mechanical strength of the leaves as appropriate; if necessary, the wind engine is activated in the morning and evening and the ventilated seedlings are forced. Third is the reasonable control of the amount of water to keep the base relative humidity at 55-65 per cent over a longer period of time. Fourth is the rational choice of fertilizers, the increased application of potassium and the control of nitrogen. Five is the rational use of growth inhibitors, which should be based on the “three look” principle, i. E. The “three look”, i. E. The view of the growth stage and the strength of the seedling, the view of future weather trends, the observation of the seeding time, the “three no”, i. E., the absence of high doses, the desirability of many times, the non-selection of products that have a long active life, and their intermingling (drinking)。
Ii. Own vegan production
(i) disaster weather preparedness measures
Close attention is paid to weather changes and appropriate precautions are implemented in a timely manner based on weather forecasts. High mountain plateaus and areas prone to intense weather should focus on protecting against sudden-onset hail hazards and should be pre-positioned in high-prevalence areas, with hail-proof nets in advance when warning of hail is available; when the high-temperature and high-light season enters, they should be equipped to install sunnets; and areas with concentrated rainfall should be pre-designed with scientifically sound drainage systems, equipped with pumping machines, as far as possible, with deep-drive high-intensity planting, and should be cleared in a timely manner after heavy rains, with drainage and less flooding time。
(ii) vegetable management techniques in the field
At present, the field in the north is dominated by cucumbers, tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, beans, beans and cross-flower vegetables, such as cabbage and vegetables, with the following priorities。
Plantation management. In the case of vegetables that need to be bred, they should be mounted as soon as possible, and should be able to perform fieldwork such as whole branching, poaching and heart-taking in a timely manner, with a view to increasing ventilation and promoting plant growth. Timely cleaning of vegetable gardens, reinforcement of vegetable shelves, removal of the residual fruit, proper rooting of soil and increased resilience; prevention of solar burning of tomatoes, peppers and so forth in areas with high light intensity, which can be achieved by keeping a certain number of leaves on the top of the fruit so as to avoid the tan of the fruit; and timely harvesting when harvest standards are met in order to prevent the deterioration of the value of commodities such as rain and high temperatures。
2. Fertilizer management. Vegetables such as tomatoes and cucumbers are in the early stages of flowering, with moderate water control, shallow medium-cropping, seedlings and the promotion of sit-down fruit; they enter the production period, following the principle of a small number of times, with the rational application of fertilizing water, with the conditional use of drip irrigation facilities, with integrated management of hydrofertilizers and production. Vegetables such as melons, eggplants and beans should be combined with the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; in critical periods of production, leaf fertilization may also be based on the strength of the plant, using a combination of 0. 3-0. 5 per cent potassium phosphate and 0. 3 per cent urea to spray the crop, once in a period of 7 to 10 days and two to three times in a row, in order to increase yields, prevent the early decay of the plant and reduce the occurrence of malformations. For crucifixes, such as cabbage, cabbage, cabbage, etc., control and pre-emptive pursuit of fat water, using water-saving techniques such as drip irrigation, spray irrigation, gutter irrigation, membrane gutter irrigation, etc., leaves and vegetables are predominantly nitrogen-based and thin. Watering during high summer temperatures should be done before 10 a. M. And after 4 p. M., especially in the case of leafy vegetables, when the temperature is high at noon. In the event of high-temperature drought, water should be irrigated and soil moist, as appropriate。
3. Combat weeds and pests. Spectrum microbicides, such as polybacterium or methyl tobuzin, can be sprayed at high temperatures and during wet weather. (c) the timely removal of weeds in and around vegetable fields, the prevention of competition for fertilizers with vegetables, the reduction of pest hostships and the reduction of disease. Cross-flower vegetables, such as cabbage, kale and vegetable flowers, are vulnerable to insects, moths and can be fitted with insecticidal lamps, black lights, etc. In the fields. Timely prevention and treatment of diseases, promotion of substitution of 2-3 pharmaceutical uses and strict implementation of safe intervals for pesticide use。
(iii) short-term fast-growing vegetable management techniques
The following is the main focus of the intensive, short-lived, live-cast vegetable and vegetable industry. The first is to select, to the extent possible, land that is dry, fertile, easy to water and well drained. Second, preference is given to varieties that are hot, drought- and flood-resistant. Third, the use of high-strength cultivation to improve ventilation and reduce water accumulation in the fields. Four are floating cover using light-covered materials such as black sunnets with about 60 per cent lumber, reduced temperature, soil moisture, promotion of clean seedlings and timely removal of covered materials after seeding; and flexible coverage of 40 worm nets for fast green vegetables such as cabbage, vegetable hearts and so forth, reducing pesticide use and ensuring quality safety。
Iii. Veterinary production in facilities
(i) disaster prevention and strengthening of facilities
Strong reciprocal weather precautions such as heavy rainfall and short-lived wind should be implemented in a timely manner. The first is to improve drainage facilities, to connect drainage pipes, to ensure a smooth discharge in the event of a storm disaster and to prevent rain from pouring into sheds. The second is the reinforcement of the facility, which presses the membrane line and prevents the wind from blowing. Thirdly, the earth wall greenhouses are designed to enhance the protection of the walls, so that they can be secured with sheeting in order to prevent the flooding of the walls。
(ii) vegetable management in the field
Environmental management. (1) ventilation cooling. At high summer temperatures, the greenhouses, roof vents, waist vents are all opened, 40 worm-proof nets are installed at vents, and the temperature of the sheds is reduced by day and night. (2) the shade cools. In accordance with the requirements and management costs of plant-growing crops for light intensity, shade cooling may be chosen using black sunnets with external coverage of different shade rates, anti-cooling coatings on the shroud membranes or slurry; in areas of intense light, the shone membranes may also be selected for permeable reflector film or high reflectivity thinning, with increased dispersive light passivity and reduced temperature within the shed. Vegetables are generally sunscreened from 10 a. M. To 4 p. M., and sunscreens are opened in the middle of the day and morning and evening to ensure yield and quality. Vegetable vegetables can be managed 24 hours a day, but the sunscreens can be opened three to five days before the market, light is increased, vegetables are warm and vitamin c, soluble solids, etc., are improved in terms of nutritional quality and commerciality。
Plantation management. Vegetable management focuses on balancing the scavenger relationship with timely twigs, chicken binding, removal of yellow and sick leaves from the central and lower parts of the plant to increase ventilation. Demolition of deformities at any time and reduction of unnecessary nutrient consumption in order to increase harvest time, later production and commerciality. High temperatures, especially at night temperatures, can lead to poor energy and difficulties in pollen production, such as tomatoes, and the rational use of plant growth regulators to protect the fruits。
3. Fertilizer management. The principle of rational management of hydro-fertilizers according to their stage of growth is a small number of times. The timing of the summer watering should be chosen in the early morning, avoiding heavy light and high temperatures at noon, in order to prevent injuries and plant roots and reduce evaporation losses. It is advisable to water wells or low-temperature rivers, while reducing soil temperature and promoting root growth. Depending on the type of vegetable, water-saving fertilisation techniques, such as drip irrigation, spraying, water fertilization integration, can be selected, and nutrient growth can also be promoted by combining leaves at a stage where the root system or plant is relatively weak and the fruit load is high. The pursuit of fertilizers, principles, etc. Can be based on field management of field vegetables。
Integrated pest and disease management. The high temperature and humidity of the facilities during the summer are such as to strengthen the control of vegetable diseases and pests, to maintain a comprehensive approach based on agricultural control, giving priority to biological control, physical control and scientific application of chemical control, and to limit the risks of vegetable diseases and pests to a certain extent。
(1) agricultural control. A combination of retrenchment, optimization of layout, rational rotation, and reduction of the origin of the first infection of the bacteria. In conjunction with farming operations, weeds are eliminated in a timely manner, leaves (twigs, strains, fruit) are removed, treatment is centralized and the disease base is reduced。
(2) biological control. Protection against the use of natural enemies using biological agents (e. G., bacillus souyun, avicin, etc.), plant-based insecticides, insect growth regulators and specific pesticides。
(3) physical control. Use of anti-worm nets to cover cultivation, use of palettes, filaments, evasive, booby traps, etc。
(4) chemical control. Use of highly effective, low-toxic, low-residual pesticides, prohibition of use of banned, restricted pesticides and strict implementation of safe intervals for pesticide use. (c) strengthen monitoring and forecasting of vegetable pests and diseases, taking into account the characteristics of the disease, the choice of effective medicines and the best timing for prevention, the use of medicines for diseases and the timely use of medicines, in accordance with the indicators of prevention. It is scientifically reasonable to mix and rotate pesticides. Timely spraying of 1-2 broad spectrum microbicides to prevent the spread of the disease。
(iii) recreational management
The northern solar greenhouses, which usually have a rest period of 30 to 50 days between mid-july and the end of august, may be managed according to the circumstances of the greenhouses as follows:
(1) vegetable slurry in fruit and vegetables in combination with high-temperature silt or other soil disinfection techniques (e. G. Lime nitrogen disinfection). The extraction process can be addressed by mixing the straw directly with soil shredding, reducing the labour costs of the extraction of the straw, and increasing the soil's rapid nutrient content, reducing the weight of the soil and increasing soil fertility。
(2) cultivation of idle crops. Depending on the length of leisure time in the sheds, maize, wheat beans, hot cuisine, etc., can be grown to improve the soil environment, to mitigate the disease and to promote the growth of vegetables in the ground。
