In the lower part of the hwangbei region, which is in the middle of the yellow plain with a warm-temperature zone with a semi-humid monsoon climate, the frost fell to a winter (usually from late october to early november) with temperatures falling along the ladder, increasing the temperature differentials between day and night and maintaining average temperatures at 5-12°c, with soil conditions more volatile than those affected by autumn droughts or floods. This stage is the golden window during which garlic sows, and it is a critical period in determining the quality of garlic seedlings, root system development and winter resistance. Based on climate characteristics, soil conditions and garlic growth patterns in the sub-north region, the following planting techniques need to be systematically implemented in order to lay the foundation for high-quality production of garlic throughout its reproductive life。
I. Pre-sembling preparation: building a solid planting base
Pre-breeding is a prerequisite for garlic to grow strong seedlings and needs to be applied with precision around the three core elements of species selection, soil treatment and seed selection。
(i) varieties screening: climate for appropriate regions
In the case of the low-temperature winter season in the hwangbei region, which is characterized by a high incidence of cold springs, preference should be given to cold-resistant, resilient and productive medium- and long-term sophisticated varieties. Practice has shown that mainstream varieties suitable for the region include the “chouzhou garlic” and “golden country garlic” and the “gold mountain garlic” species, which are well developed, have a high degree of compatibility with the early summer light conditions in xiabei and are effective against extreme temperatures below -10°c during winter. In cases where the main source of income is fresh garlic, early ripe varieties, such as “two-water early”, can be combined, but it needs to be noted that their winter heating measures need to be reinforced。
(ii) soil improvement: optimizing the farming layer environment
Soils in the light north are dominated by sandy and light-front soils, and some of the plots have problems with sticky slabs or poor water-preservative capacity, which require soil enhancement through precision farming。
1. Deep tilling: deep tillage is carried out 15-20 days before seeding, at depths of 25-30 cm, breaking down the ground floor of the plow and increasing soil permeability. 7-10 days of drying, using sunlight to disinfect and reduce the base number of endemic diseases (e. G., garlic root and tubular morbid diseases)。
2. Soil fertilization: garlic is a good-looking and long-term diet, and should be fertilized according to the formulations of soil tests. Medium-fertilized plots are applied to fully decomposed organic fats of 3,000-4,000 kg per acre (good by cow and sheep dung, composting, avoiding the use of uncorrigated straw to prevent the burning of roots), potassium nitrophosphate compound (15-15) 50kg, calcium perphosphate 30kg, potassium sulphate 20kg) to ensure the integration of soil fat in deep cultivation。
Soil disinfection: 50-80 kg per acre of plasteration of soil alkali-neutral soil (ph6. 5-7. 0), adjusted for soil alkali to moderate alkalinity (ph6. 5-7. 0), increasing the absorption efficiency of garlic on nutrients if the ph value is below 6. 0 (the sub-section of the north is chronically acidized by fertilizers)。
(iii) garlic treatment: raising the bulge
The quality of garlic is directly determined by the rate of seeding, which is processed in a four-step process of “selection-sun-sown-impregnated-breed” to activate the physiological activity of garlic。
1. Selection of castes: elimination of greasy, greasy, greasy and greasy, and selection of greasy, even-sized, non-mechanized garlic. In the order of garlic petals, five to seven g of single petals are treated as first-stage and three to fiveg as second-stage seeds, so as to avoid the abuse of small-scale seedlings and ensure that the field community grows well。
2. Screeching sprouts: two to three days in the sun after selection, four to five hours per day in the sun (shield from strong noon light) to kill skin epidemiology through ultraviolet light, while breaking the garlic hibernation and increasing the gestation rate. Be careful not to exceed 5 cm thick during sunbathing and to roll over to prevent local fever。
3. Sterilization: 15 minutes of immersion in tanned garlic at 50°c warm water (stable temperature), followed by 4-6 hours of immersion in 25% of fresh acetamine cream 1,000 times the fluid or 50% of 800 times the dysentery manganese humid powder and extraction of dry water. This step is an effective means of preventing seed-bearing diseases such as garlic vibrate and frostic disease, which, if the ground worm has a high incidence, can be added to 1. 8% of the avil cream 1,500 times the synchronous leachate。
4. Combination garments: when impregnated, a coating agent is used for the exclusive use of garlic (composed of aphids, epinephrines, etc.), and for every 100 kg of garlic is a clothing agent, 200-300 ml, which is then dried to dry in the skin. The protective membranes formed by the clothing can sustain the control of aphids and ostrich horses while reducing the incidence of endemic diseases and increasing the resilience of garlic。
Ii. Precision seeding: time management and detail
During the fall of the frost to winter, the temperature in the light north gradually decreased to the appropriate temperature (8-15°c) for garlic sprouts, a period that ensures that garlic forms up to 4-5 real leaves and 10-15 roots before winter breaks, providing security for the winter. Seeding needs to focus on three main elements: the control period, the volume and the method of seeding, taking into account efficiency and quality。
(i) relaying selection: following the “cold head” principle
The appropriate planting period for garlic is from 25 october to 5 november, depending on the climate of the year: in the event of a high fall temperature (average daily temperature continues to be higher than 15°c), planting can be delayed until early november to avoid long seeding periods; in the event of a morning frost (average daily temperature is below 8°c), three to five days of seeding is required to ensure that there is sufficient time to grow. The simple criterion for the seeding period is that five to seven days after seeding, and 40 to 50 days after seeding until winter (the average temperature is below 5°c) are born long enough to meet the demand for seeding。
(ii) volume control: rational planting
The seeding needs to be determined in combination with the characteristics of the species and soil fertility: 300-350 kg per acre at a distance of 18-20 cm and 28-32,000 per acre at a distance of 10-12 cm; 250-300 kg per acre at a distance of 16-18 cm and 8-10 cm at a distance of 3. 5-40 million per acre. The adhesive land can be planted thinly to increase ventilation and reduce disease, and the sandy land should be properly planted to increase land use. A “directed seeding” method is used to sow the garlic abdomen in parallel with the lines, to allow the garlic blade to spread vertically, to maximize the use of light and to increase light efficiency。
(iii) scrolling methods: deep, coherent and even
The core requirement in the huebe region, which is dominated by on-demand or mechanical seeding, is “deep and shallow”。
1. Artificial on-demand: first, opening a ditch by line, deep by 5 to 6 cm, pouring bottom water in the ditch (if the soil is in a better state, it can be free of water), placing garlic on the tip of the platinum at a distance, avoiding inverting it (which results in delayed and weak seeding), then covering the soil by 3 to 4 cm, stomping it down, connecting it closely to the soil and preventing the suspension of the roots。
2. Mechanical seeding: select a special garlic sowing machine, adjust the distance, distance and depth of the seeding to ensure that the sowing depth is consistent (about 5 cm) and that the earth is even. The seeding is preceded by the debugging of machines to avoid leaking, rebroadcasting, which is followed by suppression, reducing soil gaps and improving protection capacity。
In case of indigence (the soil contains less than 18 per cent of the water) following seeding, “headwashing” needs to be poured in a timely manner, using small water to avoid the scrawling of the soil by heavy water; in case of fall rains, ditches and drainage need to be dug in a timely manner to prevent garlic from causing decay。
Iii. Back-to-back management: nurturing seedlings for winter
During the fall of the frost to winter, garlic is in the seeding period, with a management focus on promoting proper seedlings, nurturing strong seedlings and preventing early pests and pests and laying a solid foundation for winter。
(i) shrimp management: ensure a whole seedling
1. Sapling: 7 to 10 days after seeding, when the incidence of garlic is over 80 per cent, timely detection of seedlings and replanting of seeding points. The replanting is carried out by the use of pre-positioned, robust seedlings, soil transfer, and water pressure to ensure the survival of the replanting. If there is a shortage of seedlings, the unscathed garlic can be extracted and the healthy garlic replanted。
2. Cultivated pine soil: when seedlings are formed, they require shallow medium tillage (deep 2-3 cm), decomposition of the slabs, increased soil permeability and root system development. While farming in china avoids damage to the seedlings, weeds are removed from the fields (where weeds are mainly quinoa, eucalyptus, which require manual extraction or shallow scavenger removal) and weeds are reduced in competition with garlic for nutrients。
(ii) premium management: control and growth
1. Water fattening: if the leaves of the infant are yellow and thin, urea 5-8kg per acre are followed and watered to promote the growth of the leaf; if the seedlings are long (slender leaves, light green leaves) they need control over watering to avoid excess nitrogen fattening, they can spray 5% of the propadiol solution, inhibiting the growth of the child and promoting the thickness of the mantle. It is desirable to maintain water content at around 20 per cent of the soil during this period, with the use of small-scale irrigation to avoid heavy flooding。
Fertilizers on the side of the leaf: 0. 2% potassium phosphate solution + 0. 1% per acre, 30-40 kg per acre, with a further one application at a interval of 7 to 10 days, increase the resistance of young seedlings to the cold and prevent deficiency disorders (in the light north, garlic is low, leading to stunting of garlic。
(iii) insect and pest control: early detection and prevention
During the fall of the frost to winter, the main diseases and pests of garlic are aphids, tremors, purples, frosts, and the principle of “preventives, integrated treatment”。
1. Pest control: aphids, aphids, 10% aphids, 1,500 times more humid powder or 2. 5% bromine cyprite emulsifiable concentrates are treated with 2000 times the spray spray, with one blow at 10 days and two in a row; if field pest base is low, yellow sticky sheeting (20-30 pieces per acre) can be used to trap and reduce chemical pesticide use。
2. Disease prevention and treatment: blubber, frost, can be sprayed at the beginning of the disease with 75% of the bacterial wettable powder 600 times the fluid or 64% of the venomous powder 500 times the powder, with one dose at intervals of 7 to 10 days and two to three times in a row. At the same time, field leaves and residues are removed in a timely manner and destroyed outside the field, cutting off transmission routes。
Iv. Winter preparedness: building a firm anti-cold line
After winter, the temperature in the light north has declined rapidly, and garlic has gradually entered the winter period, requiring the completion of preparations to cover warmth, water for winter, etc., and to ensure the safe passage of garlic。
(i) cover temperature protection: protection against cryogenic frost
1. Stitch cover: when garlic seedlings grow up to 10-15 cm, the shredded wheat straw, corn straw 200-300 kg, covering a thickness of 3-5 cm, both to keep warm and to keep the weeds wet, and to increase the soil organicity when the straws decay. Covering avoids heavy stifling of seedlings, which, if relatively short, can be accompanied by a small amount of earth repression to prevent wind blowing。
Covering of the membrane: covering of the membrane may be used for years in which the area under cultivation is larger or cold and early. Select a transparent membrane with a width of 2 metres, which is covered along the lines, and the edges of the membrane are compacted with soil, pressing the earth every 5 to 10 metres to prevent the membrane from blowing up. The membrane cover increases the temperature of the ground by 2-3°c, reduces soil moisture evaporation and promotes the development of garlic roots, but attention needs to be paid to the timely defilm seedling of seedlings to avoid high temperature burning。
(ii) water for winter: ensuring safe winter
Before and after the onset of winter (the daily temperature has fallen to around 5°c), a “overwinter water” is poured over the garlic land, partly slowly, while the roots are still active, as a key measure for the safe winter of garlic in the sub-north. Water needs to satisfy the principle of “drinking, ploughing and non-stumping”, with 60-80 m3 per acre to keep the soil at around 25 per cent of its water content and to form a thin layer of ice after watering the soil, effectively protecting the root system from freezing. If the soil is adhesive, the pine soil needs to be ploughed in time to prevent the ice sheeting of the soil; if the soil is sandy, the water can cover the straw and enhance the protection effect。
V. Field monitoring and emergency response
During the fall of the frost to winter, the light north is prone to catastrophic weather conditions such as drought, cold frost and rain, requiring the establishment of field monitoring mechanisms and timely response measures。
(i) drought response
In the absence of effective rainfall for 10 consecutive days, the soil contains less than 15 per cent of the water, and the garlic leaf is atrophy, which requires timely watering, dripping or spraying, and avoiding heavy flooding leading to slabs. Watering times are chosen in the middle of the morning and water temperatures are close to the surface, reducing the stimulation of root systems。
(ii) frozen cryogenic response
When frosts (below 0°c) are forecasted, water is poured one day earlier, using water's larger properties than the heat to increase the temperature; or smoke bombs (5-8 per acre) are fired in the fields to form a smog layer that prevents the heat from spreading on the ground and mitigates the frost hazard. After the frost, the freezing of seedlings is checked in a timely manner, the application of 0. 3 per cent potassium phosphate solution to less frozen seedlings for recovery purposes, and the timely replanting of severely frozen seedlings。
(iii) even the rain
In the event of a cloudy weather, clean up drains in the fields in a timely manner to ensure that the drainage is smooth and to avoid the accumulation of water in the fields; plant the pine soil in a timely manner after the rains, break the slabs and increase soil permeability; and spray more than 50 per cent of the filamentable powder, 800 times more liquid, if there are signs of decay。
In conclusion, the reduction of the frost in the huebe region to garlic cultivation during the winter run requires a close integration of the regional climate and soil characteristics, with “breeding, safe winterization” at the core, and the implementation of technical measures from pre-sowning, precision seeding, post-sowning and winterization. The quality and resilience of garlic seedlings can be improved effectively through scientific selection, soil optimization, precision management of sowing periods and density, and enhanced water fertilizer and pest control, providing a solid foundation for high-yield quality in the coming year and contributing to the steady development of the garlic industry in the quinobe region。
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