Section i. Concepts and elements of the community
The community is both an objective social entity, a region and an arena for interaction and interaction in the process of civic engagement, and an empirical analysis, theoretical summary and lessons learned by researchers of the entity and the area of engagement. A theoretical definition of the community is a prerequisite for discussing and studying its social work。
The origins of the concept of community
"community" is a familiar and strange concept. The term "community service" means "community building" is often found in various media, conferences and practical work, and even grass-roots workers say "community" and "community service"; the term "wilder" means that the concepts of "community" and "community service" and "community building" are not well analysed in theory and lack comprehensive understanding. This is bound to have a significant impact on community research and community governance and on the advancement of community social work。
As a community of human life, communities exist as entities much earlier than the concept of “community”. The development of the farming industry has brought about the material conditions for the settlement of people, and the early generations have gradually moved away from a state of "screw-to-scrutinization" in which they live, geographically and geographically, in essence constituting a community form of human life of the community。
The concept of “community” was generally thought to have been initiated by german sociologist ferdinand tonis, 1855-1936, in 1887, in his book gemeschaft und gesellschaft (english translation into community and society). From the perspective of tennis, communities and society (geminschaft und gesellschaft) are two types of community-based form of human life of two different natures and characteristics. "community" has many meanings: community, community, community, community, community, community, and so forth. Communities are found mainly in traditional rural societies. They form bonds of kinship, kinship, emotion, morality, ethics, etc., which allow people to interact with one another in close relationships, help each other, trust and care for each other. On the emotional basis, a kind of "know-your-person network" has been built within the community. Society, on the other hand, is the product of modernization, industrialization and urbanization. It is a form of social community based on relations of interest, rational contracts and legal norms. Compared to communities, individuals in society lack each other's care and trust and, in some cases, tend to be atomized and indifferent. According to ténnis, communities and societies do not exist in their pure form; they permeate each other, but sometimes this is the advantage, and sometimes the other. “community” and “society” can also be described as ‘gent society' and ‘legal society'. In his view, there were two opposing times in the process of cultural development — social and community — which would inevitably be replaced by the former, which was a necessary trend from community to social development。
The concept of "community" is transmitted to china through the united states. The gemenschaft und gesellschaft concept in tennessee was translated by american sociologists into english, “community and society”. The chicago school in the united states, represented by parker, has carried out a large number of sociological studies based on community analysis. The source of the term "community" in chinese is mainly due to mr. Fahtung, our master of sociology. In the early 1930s, students from the department of sociology at yanjing university studied community in accordance with tennis ' original intent. Mr. Fahrenhei recalled that when the word community was introduced to china, the translation was "local society" and not "community". When we translate the two different concepts of community and sociity in tennessee, we feel that community is not sociity, and it is a contradiction, so we feel that the term "local society" is inappropriate. At that time, i was also studying at yanjing university, where you talked about finding a precise concept. And by chance, i thought of the two words of "community," and finally, you used them, and they became popular. That's what the word "community" is about. (faithousong, 1948)
Two, different understandings of the concept of community
It is this widespread use of the concept of "community" in sociology, political science, religious science and philosophy that leaves communities without a common and clear definition. As early as 1955, scholars pointed out that there were 95 definitions of “community”, which many scholars tended to interpret at a geographical level, the only common denominator of which was the inclusion of people among the elements that make up the community (gandam, zubin and others, 1998:26)。
