I. Water-water management: selection for small water conservation in time, protection of shallow root systems and elimination of physiological yellow leaves
Autumn roots have different growth properties than peppers and eggplants, and the whole root is shallow, with more than 85 per cent of the fine roots responsible for fattening the water concentrated on the surface down to 12 to 22 centimetres of the earth. The summer sun is pouring straight into the ground, the subsurface soils are warming very quickly, water evaporation is twice as high as in the spring and autumn, and root causes are chronically exposed to high temperatures and water scarcity, and cold heat differentials stimulate double pressures, which are the driving force behind the core of the large area of yellow leaves in the summer autumn。
Many people tend their gardens during the day, and when they see the micro-hairs of the aluminum leaves, they open their pipes and pour them at noon, an operation that does not show harm in the short term and perpetuates damage to the roots. At noon, the temperature of the surface can reach a maximum of 42°c, with low temperature of wells and piped water, large quantities of cold water pouring directly into high-temperature soils, and large temperature differentials burn directly into the thick roots of the surface. The nuclei are the core tissues that feed the water and mineral nutrients. Once damaged, the nutrient absorption efficiency is significantly reduced. The plant's substrate leaves are the first to fall yellow, the water is constantly being poured wrongly, the whole plant is continuously weakened, and the flower cologne is stopped directly later。
The three types of planting scenes for family gardens, small areas and large-scale daejeon are organized and adapted to different sizes of cultivation and are simple and manageable:
1. Sustained weather-free rainfall: fixed watering hours, soil cooling and refilling before 9 a. M. And after 5 p. M., single watering to impregnate the 20 cm earth layer of the ground, with regular plots having a four-day interval; small courtyards are slowly sprayed with flowers, large fields are flooded with ditches, and flooding is strictly prohibited to avoid accumulation。
2. After heavy and continuous rain has ended: the first time the drains around the plot of land have been pungered, the autumn root system is extremely afraid to accumulate oxygen, the earth layer has accumulated water for more than 10 hours, the hairy roots will be slightly decayed and the yellow leaves will continue and the seedling will not be long. Rain has stabilized and surface soil has dried up, with 3 cm of pine soil in shallow husk, cutting off the soil plume, reducing the evaporation of the soil layer and extending the length of water conservation。
3. Short-term mild drought: no one-time heavy water surge, two minor water recharges, gradual adjustment of soil moisture and avoidance of abrupt changes in the growth environment resulting in the planting of plant stress plants and leaves。
Accompanying low-cost root protection efficiency techniques: a dry swirl between the autumn lines threading, shredding of straw, straw cover can isolate the sun from the open tan, and surface temperature can be reduced by 3°c-4°c and evaporation by more than half. The slow decomposition of the straw at the surface of the soil can also supplement a small amount of organic matter, decomposition of long-term sheeted soils and double protection of root activity, which can significantly reduce the probability of premature decay due to high temperature droughts。
Here, a wide-spreaded cropping area is being corrected: many people believe that the acupuncture is drought-resistant, that plants will activate self-protection mechanisms when there is a chronic shortage of water, and will proactively stop dividing new flowers and supply all the nutrients to the existing fruit; that when the acupuncture is fully matured, the nutrients are fully overstretched, quickly aging, and it will be difficult to grow new acupunctures later, with a direct fault in production. The rational management of water protection roots is the basis for the continued multiplicity of results of the autumn, and the roots are maintained so that subsequent fertilization, trimping and harvesting can work。
Ii. Phased balanced application of fertilizers: nitrogen control, refilling, potassium fattening, evading the master and later decomposition
When acupuncture enters the flowering phase, nutrient consumption is much faster than the seeding period, high temperatures accelerate the internal metabolism of the plant, the nutrient supply does not keep pace with the demand for growth, and the leaves quickly lose green and yellow; if fertilizer ratios are uneven, high nitrogen fats, such as urea, are used for a long period of time alone, and leaves grow, with only long leaves not flowering, and both fertilizing problems lead to early decline in the mid-term and later stages of the acupuncture。
The three fertilization stages are divided according to the full autumn growth cycle, with a clear focus on fertilizer at each stage, uniform standards of use, easy control by the general population, and no extremes such as lack of and incompetence。
1. Cultivation of seedlings: light application of balanced water fertilization and development of a robust base
Autumn is grown up to 20 cm or so after a week of life, with no need for heavy fat pursuit and a choice between balanced water soluble fat and water. The single use per acre in daejeon is contained within 7 kg; a small number of plants are planted in their own small yard, and the fertilizer is watered to the root at a ratio of 1:1,000。
The core purpose of fertilization at this stage is to strengthen the root system, increase the foliage, store the basic nutrients, and strictly prohibit the exclusive application of high nitrogen urea. Overweight nitrogen weakens the autumn trachea, and high-temperature thunderstorm weather is prone to inverting, causing damage to the post-inverting roots and stopping the direct yellow leaf, adding additional burdens to subsequent management。
2. At the beginning of the present rheumatism: folate and magnesium supplementation to reduce the probability of high temperature falling flowers and deforming fruit
When the first flowers come out of the autumn branch, it suspends the application of compound fertilizers to the sole root, sprays the fertilizers every seven days, and the cores of the grafts with boron and magnesium. Bronze is responsible for promoting the normal separation of buds, and high temperature and lack of boron can lead to the drying out of flowers and a direct decline in the sitting rate; magnesium is the key substance for synthetic chlorophyll in leaves, and magnesium is associated with yellowing on the edges of leaves, reduced capacity for foliage co-operation, inadequate nutrient production, and an accelerated ageing of plants。
Leaf spraying avoids the strong noon light and selects evening operations, and leaves are spread evenly across the back and absorb better. From the present to the first harvest, two to three successive sprayings are sufficient, without frequent additions。
3. Precious harvest period: follow-up to fattening, dominated by high potassium fat, and continuous provision of fruit growth nutrients
Autumn growes the first group of fertilizers that meet the pick criteria and officially enters the fertilisation period, when most of the nutrients are planted to feed the fruit, and all of the fats are used for high potassium fertilizer, and every 12 days. In daejeon, a combination of irrigation and permutation of high potassium water solubles is grown; family vegetables can be grown with a thinning of nutrients from ripe fruit and vegetables。
Nitrogen fertilizer use is strictly controlled throughout the harvest cycle, nitrogen fattening during the fertilization period, acupuncture on the side branches of the autumn are booming, the branches of the field are closed, all nutrients are consumed in the growth of the branches, the number of flowers continues to decrease and the harvest cycle is significantly reduced。
Empirical additions: high-temperature weather does not release solid granular fat on the surface at noon, high-temperatures on the ground quickly volatilize fertilizers to feed them effectively, and they also burn down the bottom of the acetone, causing a decomposition and disease. The pursuit of fat is carried out simultaneously with water, water and fertilization, and nutrient absorption is more efficient and less susceptible to adverse effects。
The gap can be visualized by multi-year co-location test data: equally earthy, equally dense plots, phased and balanced fertilizing akills, with a harvest cycle extending by about 25 days; and large-scale yellow leaves in areas with a full-scale application of nitrogen fertilizers, with a high temperature of 15 days, close to 40 per cent of the total production gap, sufficient to see the critical role of scientific fertilization in preventing premature decay and stabilizing production。
Iii. Regulating planting density, ensuring ventilation in the fields, reducing local temperatures and reducing infestation
In order to increase the total production of single plots, many growers are trying to reduce the distance of their plants at all times. Over-sembling is an important contributing factor to the early decline of the sunflowers and the high incidence of disease in the hot seasons, as well as management details that are easily overlooked by most of them。
The autumn is fully grown up at a height of 1. 2 to 1. 8 metres, the side branches are spread out to a large extent, the planting density is too high, the planting of branches overlaps, the circulation of air between the lines is hampered, the interior of the plot is enclosed at temperatures of 4°c-5°c higher than in the open area, the temperature is superheated and wet, and leaves and dust are extremely prone. When leaves are eroded by disease, light co-operation is damaged, nutrients are inadequate, plants are not supplied with sustainable nutrients, and early decay stops。
Distinction between family gardens, size-based standardized planting density in open fields, data from many years of field testing, and the vast majority of conventional acacia species on the market:
1. Single-scale planting in a small family home: 80 cm long and 45 cm single, with only one strong autumn seedling remaining in each den, and small, small and redundant seedlings being uprooted in a timely manner。
2. Large-scale field cultivation: 90 cm wide, 60 cm narrow and 40 cm wide, using a narrow planting pattern, with a stable number of 1,200 to 1,400 plants per acre. This density zone guarantees both basic production and leaves are not closed, combining ventilation and light。
In addition to determining the base density of the acreage, when the acreage is raised to 50 centimetres, the synchronised root-to-graining soil operation has two practical effects: first, the firming of the roots to prevent the collapse of the plant due to high-temperature thunderstorms; and, second, the emergence of new and unstable roots, the increase in the absorption area of the root system and the increase in the resistance of the acupuncture to high temperature and early decay。
The amount of malformations has been reduced by more than 30 per cent, and the plants have not been required to consume extra nutrients to combat the disease, and the nutrients have been concentrated in the provision of flowers and the harvest cycle has been increased naturally. Retrofitting unwinded plots, even with sufficient water and fertilizer supplies, will continue to leave yellow leaves and manage inputs and final output。
Regular foliage, clean-up of ineffective foliage and reduction of useless consumption of nutrients
After acupuncture grows fast and temperatures exceed 30°c, the sprouts and the bottom leaves grow rapidly every day, and these non-resultable leaves continue to divert their nutrients, shielding the light from the trajectories, and the piles of leaves retain their moisture and cause various types of leaf disease. If they are not trimmed for a long period of time, there will be problems in the next 10 days, such as reduced sitting fruit and drying up of the lower leaves。
The whole branch of leaves is subject to the principles of light cutting and exercise clean-up, one-time trimmed cannot be overweight, and the absence of effective luminous blades is avoided. It is done in a fixed three-step sequence, with easy access and new hands in place。
Step 1: to remove the extra sprouts from the bottom in time. The small branch of the acetone, which grows below 15 cm, is removed. These low-side branches are weak and are difficult to produce, and will only continue to consume large amounts of nutrients, the sooner they are removed, the more they are saved and the result of the flowering of the main tubers。
Step two: regular clean-up of submersible leaves. Every 15 days, the base yellow, sick and dry leaves of the plant are collected in a centralized manner, and only the upper part of the plant is kept in a healthy green. Bottom blades close to the wetland surface, tend to breed fungus, lose the value of light co-operation, and retain only drag on the whole body。
The third step: the removal of the small, fruitless branch of the medium segment. The plant has a thin, flowerless branch, which is moderately trimmed to ensure that the main tubing is luminescenced and that all the nutrients are fed in full。
The course of cutting is conducted in the morning of the sun, with a high rate of wind drying of the wound, which can significantly reduce the probability of infection with the fungus; the cut-off branches and the yellow leaves are not stacked in the autumn rows, all of which are taken out of the garden for central treatment, avoiding the decay of the leaves to breed pests, diseases and diseases, which continue to endanger the health plant。
There's a lot of groceries with fixed error zones, and the more leaves there are, the more sunflowers there are, the opposite. Excessive leaves seize nutrients and shield the light, the principals result in a steady decline in capacity and the rational transfer of healthy leaves in order to use the limited nutrients fully on flowering and corsets and to slow ageing from their internal roots。
V. Purpose to business and learning and continued to continue the division
High-temperature environments increase the growth rate of autumn nuts, which take five days from flowering to suitable for harvesting, while high-temperature weather above 35°c lasts only three days, when the aluminum is fast fibrosis, skin hardening and loss of edible value. The retention of a fully mature acupuncture by branches is a key factor in the early break-up and early decay of akiss, which are most easily overlooked。
Autumn twigs produce mature saplings, the core purpose of which is to retain seeds, with the feeling that when the fruit is fully mature, it will automatically reduce the division of new flowers and transmit most of the nutrients to the saplings for seed development. When the acupuncture is fully hardened, nutrients are fully overstretched, new flowers are stopped directly, the whole aluminum is fast yellowing, and the following is almost no longer productive。
Harmonizing standardized harvest standards, taking into account the long-term strength of fruit quality and plantations, with no ambiguity of operation:
1. Optimal harvest size: 8 to 10 cm long, full of tall and green shears, low fibre content, best quality for domestic consumption and sale, with minimal consumption of nutrients。
High-temperature harvesting frequency: one day between cool and cold weather in spring and autumn; one day of three-volt continuous high-temperature weather; and one day of extreme high-temperature morning and high-light environments, with early and late pick-up each time, to avoid fibrosis of the nuts in a short period of time。
3. Operating norms for harvesting: do not pull a fruit beak with violence, cut it from the handle with scissors, which can easily damage the main part of the sunflower, cause injury to the staves and disrupt the internal nutrient transport route。
The results of the co-location test can visualize the gap: in the same autumn field, half of the regions insist on daily picking of the acupuncture, the other half allow the acupuncture to remain on the branch, and 20 days later the number of acne in the remaining acupuncture has been reduced by almost half, the number of yellow leaves at the bottom has tripled, the harvest cycle has ended 20 days earlier and the overall yield gap is significant. The timely harvesting of fertilizers is tantamount to the continued release of nutrients from plant stocks, stimulating the emergence of new flowers and achieving a continuous cyclical outcome without short-term disruptions and premature decay。
Accompanied conservation tools, multiple plus increases in the resistance to high temperatures and premature decay
In addition to the five core management elements above, there are several low-cost, easy-to-operate complementary conservation tools, combined with the first five, which are implemented in a synchronized fashion, and which can further stabilize the autumn growth and be adapted to the needs of all growing populations, regardless of their size。
1. Retarded plots of land for several consecutive years: lands that grow autumn, which are ploughed deep into the ground after quarterly harvests, raise the organic content of the soil, mitigate the problem of soil sheeting, root causes are better growing environments, plant resistance is higher, and high temperatures are less prone to premature decay。
2. Extremely high temperature, simple sunshield protection: open-air, extremely high weather at 38°c and above, and at noon, a simple sunshield net to shield the strong light-rayed blades and to reduce the amount of burning in the leaves. No full-day coverage of the sunnet is required, except from 11 a. M. To 3 p. M., with sufficient light for the rest of the time。
3. Pre-pest prevention and control: aphids and red spiders use foliage, destroy foliage luminous tissues, indirectly induce early yellow leaf decay and high pests in high-temperature dry environments. Regular application of a compliance low-intensity anti-worm agent to protect the integrity of the blades and maintain normal nutrient manufacturing capacity。
The above-mentioned watering, fertilization, density control, whole branching and harvesting are the five core elements that cover the whole process of high-temperature autumn cultivation, do not have complex professional operations and do not require high-cost farming, and all steps are implemented by ordinary people. The summer sunflower leaves, flowers and early decay are by their very nature aberrations in day-to-day management details that can effectively stretch the harvest cycle and steadily increase overall production by tailoring the operation。
Autumn is grown by a large number of people who focus only on fatting, neglecting basic tasks such as watering times, branch cutting, and timely harvesting, and ultimately investing in a lot of fertilizer costs, with output falling short of expectations, at the core of which is uneven management. Autumn, which seeks to sustain high-temperature production, balanced conservation, synchronizing root systems, leaves and flowers, and a unilateral focus on a particular management, cannot solve the problem of premature decay. There are no shortcuts to grow, and each detail is fine-tuned in order to harvest a steady harvest。
Interactive thematic discussions
In the summer, when you grow the autumn, have you ever experienced the yellowing of leaves, the falling of flowers and the early planting of plants? When does water and fatting normally work? Do you have the skills to keep the acorns that you've been working on? You're welcome to leave your planting experience in the comment area, and leave a message about any questions about an autumn cultivation, and i'll answer it one by one。
