In order to upgrade the facilities ' technology for the production of vegetables during the winter period, to respond effectively to catastrophic weather and to promote the safe production of vegetables, the national centre for agricultural technology promotion organized a steering group of vegetable specialists from the ministry of agriculture and rural development and the national system of technology for the large vegetable industry, which studied and produced technical guidance for the production of vegetables during the winter。
I. Solar greenhouse production in the northern region
(i) enhanced facility maintenance
1. Reinforcement of greenhouses. Attention will be paid to strengthening the inspection and maintenance of facilities such as the skeletal and wall, drapesters, ventilators, circuits and emergency heating, in particular greenhouses, which are dangerous for old greenhouses and snow and snow resistance, for early maintenance and reinforcement。
Replacement of shanty film. (c) the timely replacement of worn-out film in windless weather before winter. Among these, the greenhouses for vegetable production in fruit and vegetables shall choose a multifunctional plastic film with at least 0. 10 mm thick, with a long life without a drop of high light and high temperature. Pvc multifunctional film or po membrane with better temperature protection in the high north-east, the hwanghai sea and the sun temperature rooms in the hoang sea, the po or eva multifunctional membrane with long-lived fuzzy and drifting drip, and the west and tibet regions, the sunlight greenhouses, the wing-to-wing transducer or scattered thin film。
3. Enhanced coverage. For the timely replacement of covered items such as thermostats, which have been damaged or which have not reached the requirements for winter production, the normal grasshopper weight shall be 3. 5-4kg/m2, and the temperature thickness shall be above 2 cm. The front-floor temperature-preservation cover should be closely and evenly and the temperature-preservation cover should be dry; cover paper should be added to the high latitudes or double-heat-preservation should be used to increase the temperature-preservation effect and ensure that the temperature-preservation of the winter greenhouse meets the greenhouse design and vegetable production requirements。
(ii) enhanced regulation of the production environment
Temperature management. After mid-october, especially when the night temperature is below 10°c, cover the temperature-conservation cover in a timely manner to ensure that the temperature is above 15°c in the room at night temperature; the temperature in the room is at 26 - 32°c in the daytime between december and february, at 18 - 20°c in the night and at least 8°c in the morning. In winter, only top ventilation is sufficient; ventilation is gradually increased when venting is carried out, with measures such as sheeting in front of and in front of the shed, and buffers in the lower side of the vent; and in snow and snow, with measures such as protection of temperature over plastic film to ensure that the temperature is dry and warm. During extreme weather events, such as continuous sunlight, temporary warming is carried out using multi-layer coverage or use of heat enhancement blocks, high-pressure sodium lamps, electric heaters, automatic heaters, etc。
2. Light management. It is important to keep the shrooms clean on a regular basis and to ensure perceivability. In order to ensure the temperature, the temperature is prolonged by the early release of the lid. Retrospective film can be installed on the back slopes of the greenhouses to improve the light on the north side of the greenhouses, so that the temperature in the greenhouses can be evenly distributed and the production of vegetables can be increased on the north side. In the face of continuous rain and snow, the temperature is lifted for an appropriate short period of time so that the crops can use scattering light for light cooperation. High-pressure sodium lamps can be installed where conditions exist to improve the temperature in the room while filling the light. In the long-literated weather, half of the temperature is properly set around midday to avoid the loss of plants。
3. Humidity management. Reasonable control of indoor humidity to reduce the incidence of disease. In general, temperature protection in the morning should be opened for short periods of ventilation, which should not exceed 20 minutes, followed by proper ventilation management based on the growth and temperature of greenhouse crops. In consecutive rain and snow conditions, ventilation takes 10 to 20 minutes at the highest temperature in the room at noon. Water can be filled with wet materials, such as cleavages or drippings, and cleavages, etc., can be covered in ditches; application can be used with new devices, such as powder mills, heat smoke machines, ozone generators, etc., to reduce indoor humidity。
(iii) implementation of key agricultural practices
1. Fostering technology. High-carbon composting, such as full decomposition of high-quality organic fertilizers, earthworms and manure, or the use of a straw biological reactor to improve soil temperature and at the same time to supplement co2; one or two shallow membranes of vegetable vegetables that can be planted before they can be planted, promoting deep roots; slow growth of low-temperature root systems that can be used to emaciate acids or algae fats to increase root activity and promote growth; and low capacity for plant growth, such as glucose or amino acids, that can be applied to sugar, amino acid-based folic fertilizers, or application of plant growth control agents, such as cedar esters, to enhance crop resistance to cold。
Plumbing fruit technology. Plant growth regulators can be used to treat low-temperature and weak light during winter to ensure successful sit-in and normal development during the cold season. Tomatoes can use a 1% soluble liquid of sodium chlorophenoxyacetic acid 400-670 times during flowering, with a hand-held small sprayer all spreading the blooming fruit, with a humidity. Each flower is drug-treated once and cannot be repeated, and the sequence followed can be marked to distinguish。
3. Plantation adjustment techniques. Temperature conditions are relatively poor in winter, with an appropriate reduction in plant density, typically 70-80 per cent of the greenhouse plant density in spring. Vegetables such as eggplant fruit and melons are adjusted in a timely manner for the planting of chickens, whole branches, hearts, flowers, fruit and leaves, to improve ventilation and to improve the nutritional status of vegetables. In case of unusual weather conditions, early harvests of fruit and appropriate lumbering should be undertaken in order not to increase the burden of planting and reduce resilience。
4. Fertilizer water management techniques. Priority is given to integrated water fertilizer technologies. During the winter season, a variety of elements, such as sea algae acid, fish protein, biobacteria and crustaceans, can be used to promote root fertilizers, and a large number of elements with different nitrogen phosphorus potassium content may be selected for water solution depending on their longness. Vegetables are selected for high nitrogen soluble fertilizer in the pre-growth period (recommended n-p2o5-k2o for 22-12-16), followed by 4-6kg per acre and 1 in 10-15 days per acre; tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, etc. Are selected for high potassium soluble fertilizer in the post-growth period (recommended n-p2o5-k2o for 19-6-25) and cucumbers for high potassium high nitrogen soluble fertilizer in the post-growth period (recommended n-p2o5-k2o for 20-8-22) and 8-12kg per acre, followed by 1 in 15 days per acre; priority is given to fertilizer products such as plant incentives (bs) with sequestered trace elements (te) and algae potassium, plant induction resistance to egg white. The high-temperature season can be characterized by the application of more fertilizers, such as 0. 3 per cent potassium phosphate + 0. 3 per cent calcium nitrate + 1 per cent glucose, or 0. 3 per cent high potassium water solubility + 0. 2 per cent calcium chloride + 1 per cent glucose. Cultivated or frozen plants may be sprayed with amino acid folate, low temperature induction resistance, etc., and micro-elements such as zinc iron may be applied to promote growth and thawing。
In winter, the vegetable must be watered “three times without water”, i. E. In the middle of the day, in the middle of the day, in the middle of the afternoon, in the middle of the afternoon, and in the middle of the day. The water temperature of irrigation should be above 10°c. The morning shall be chosen for the consecutive sunny day, with the application of a drop of the membrane drip or a ditch of the membrane to water, which shall be followed by timely ventilation and humidity at high noon temperatures。
5. Pest control techniques. (b) to prevent the occurrence of diseases by improving resistance to disease through cultivation and environmental management techniques such as indoctrination, promotion of growth, under-drive irrigation, ventilation and wetting. Microbiological pesticides such as fungus, eggs and bacterial diseases are periodically sprayed prior to the occurrence of the disease, using smoke agents, fumigants and mist machines whenever possible. The drug is to be used interchangeably to avoid the continuous use of one active ingredient or the same。
Ii. Plastic shed production in the south
(i) improved regulation of the production environment
Improved lighting conditions in the sheds. Select a multifunctional film with at least 0. 08 mm thickness, with a good phototransformation and long-lived fluid drops. A pe or eva multifunctional film may be selected, or a po functional film may be selected, with conditions. The filament film, which does not meet the requirements of winter light for vegetable production, must be replaced in a timely manner. At the same time, in the course of film use, the film is cleaned in a timely manner to ensure light penetration。
Implementation of temperature control and wetting measures. The temperature requirements for different types of vegetables are met by short-term surface coverage of light temperature-preserving materials in the sheds, or by temperature-preservation, such as multiple layers of coverage of the “big + mid + shack”. When multilayered coverage is implemented, it is to be opened during the day in time to ensure temperature and light intensity in the shed. In case of weather conditions such as severe cooling, temporary heating can be used, combined with fumigation to mitigate the level of freezing. In order to reduce humidity, priority is given to fumes and dust agents, as well as new types of equipment such as heat smoke machines, powderers and ozone generators。
3. Management of water fertilizers at low temperatures. The roots of vegetables are weak after successive cold weather periods, which must be rejuvenated and watered to prevent the death of the seedlings. At the same time, sugar-containing, amino acid-based foliage fattening and growth regulators (freezing agents) can be used to strengthen the plant and enhance the resistance of vegetables to cold。
(ii) implementation of key agricultural practices
1. Fostering technology. Increased use of high-quality compost, improved soil permeability and root system growth; use of high permafrost, irrigateable under membrane, as much as possible, or of wetting materials, such as straw and crop straw, between cultivation, to reduce humidity within the shed。
2. Reasonable and timely harvesting. The determination of reasonable planting intensity, depending on the type of crop cultivation and environmental conditions, avoids both too high density leading to a decrease in pupil length and quality, and too low density affecting production. Vegetables are to be balanced against a low-temperature scavenging relationship and are to be harvested in a timely manner, as appropriate; other types of vegetables are to be collected in a rational manner, depending on market conditions and the commercial nature of the plant. At the same time, disaster early warning needs to be kept in mind, and before a disaster occurs, vegetables that meet the standards of commodity harvesting should be collected in a timely manner in order to reduce the potential loss of production caused by the disaster。
3. Pest and pest control techniques. Vegetable pests are relatively severe in winter facilities in the central and central parts of the yangtze river, mainly aphids, pink lice, steed horses, vegetable larvae, moths, jumpers, etc. Control techniques can be based on those of the northern greenhouse。
