Tsui shulin
Summary: tomatoes have high nutritional value and are favoured by many consumers. With the restructuring of the agricultural industry, the cultivation of tomatoes has been expanding, especially in the case of shed tomatoes, which can provide consumers with needed tomatoes. In order to ensure the production and quality of tomatoes, research on tomato cultivation techniques should be increased. The article deals with tomato high-yielding techniques, mainly in the areas of seeding, ground-shaping, seeding, field management and disease prevention and control, with a view to providing some reference to tomato cultivation in the shed。
Keywords: sheds; tomatoes; cultivation techniques
Articles no. 1005-2690 (2022) 02-0079-03 chinese book catalogue no. S626; s641. 2 bibliography code: b
Tomatoes are one of the daily foods used by people, and they have higher vitamin levels than other vegetables, which can help humans consume a large amount of vitamin c. In addition, tomato management should be undertaken in the context of greater market demand for tomatoes, which alleviates the symptoms of pain and stomach fever。
1 tomato production technology
1. 1 choice of varieties
1. 1. 1 selection
Unlike field cultivation, tomato shed cultivation is an anti-season vegetable cultivation technique, which is less luminous than open light, with the choice of tomato varieties that are resistant to low temperatures and pests and can grow even in a weak light environment. If tomatoes are harvested during spring and winter, the species should be selected as large, very sophisticated and highly pest-resistant. In addition, due consideration should be given to market conditions, meeting local consumer demand for tomatoes and upholding the principle of tailor-made。
1. 1. 2 treatment of seeds
Seed treatment is required before planting, where tomato seeds can be soaked in warm water, taped and wrapped with tomato seeds, mixed with appropriate nutrients and placed in an environment of 27 °c, where more than 80 per cent of tomatoes can be planted directly. In addition, seeds can be immersed in warm water to remove their impregnated particles, choosing seeds of full and high quality, immersed with tan, 2-3 d, then immersed with 30 °c warm water, 3-4 h, then seeded in an environment of 28 °c, where more than 80 per cent of the seeds can seed。
1. 2 land selection and consolidation
1. 2. 1 land selection
In order to ensure the production and quality of tomatoes, which are growing in a less demanding manner, soil selection should be carried out, with a preference for sandy soils with deep soil layers and high organic content to ensure drainage and permeability of the soil and promote tomato growth. In addition, the construction of huts should be remote from densely populated areas and ensure that water sources are not contaminated with the environment, which could affect the quality of tomatoes。
1. 2. 2 holding
Following the selection of the shed tomato plantations, the ground is to be made scientifically to increase soil fertility and reduce underground pests. Before planting, deep soils are to be removed, well-earned soils are to be placed separately from the ground floor, and organic fertilizers can be used to refill the soil, and straw and crop straw are to be used. Disassembly, with one layer of grass and one layer of earth being filled in alternately, to ensure that the soil thickness is around 60 cm and then organic fertilizers are added. It is best to choose decomposed farm fertilizer to increase soil fertility, which can be properly followed up with soil fertility and lead to the seed of tomatoes。
1. 3 cultivation
There are a variety of ways to grow seedlings, either live on a nursery bed or in a nursery, and these are different。
1. 3. 1 direct seeding
By means of live streaming of seedbeds, the option is to cover the membrane before planting between the first half of may and mid-june of each year, and the choice of a membrane-free membranes, which can reduce the concentration of water on the surface of the membranes and facilitate light and heat penetration. Reduce surface water evaporation by covering membranes, save water resources and reduce humidity in the sheds and reduce the probability of disease and pest occurrence. The sheds are not ventilated until more than 75 per cent of the seedlings are planted, so as to avoid excessive temperatures. As a rule, the tomato root system requires a higher temperature, which can grow normally only at a temperature of 7°c and should be kept at about 25°c。
1. 3. 2 plumbing technology
One, sowing. Before seeding, nutrients are prepared and placed in seedlings or saplings to ensure even distribution of nutrients, fertilizers and soil moisture. Controlling irrigation and ensuring sufficient soil moisture during fertilization. The timing of planting and the age of seedlings are determined in conjunction with the marketing of vegetables. In general, tomatoes have an age of about 45 d in winter and 20 d in summer. Cover soil before seeding, 1. 5 cm thick. Upon the completion of seeding, seedbed management is performed to ensure a smooth ventilation and control of the temperature and humidity of the shed, which should be kept at 25-30°c during the day and 15-20°c at night. When tomato seedlings grow to 7 to 8 leaves, they can start shifting. Second, seedling planting. In order to ensure adequate nutrition during the growth of tomatoes during their planting, it is important to ensure sufficient soil fertility during their longer growth cycles. In the process of seedlinging tomatoes, it is possible to select farm fertilizer at a rate of 1,000 kg/666 m2; zinc, boron and magnesium, at a rate of 100 kg/666 m2 respectively; and complex fertilizer fertilization at a rate of 100 kg/666 m2 to ensure that tomato seedlings receive the required nutrients during their growth。
1. 4 tomato management technology in the shed
1. 4. 1 temperature management
During tomato cultivation in the sheds, changes in temperature result in the fall of fruit, which results in high or low temperatures, insufficient light and unscientific fertilization methods. It is important to note that tomatoes require slow seedlings some time after planting has been completed and that there is no ventilation during this period. During the day, the temperature in the shed is increased appropriately, the temperature in the shed is kept at 25-30°c, the temperature in the shed is reduced at the end of the lull period, and the temperature in the shed at night is at about 15°c. If the temperature is not high, the temperature of the night shed will be reduced by taking measures to protect the temperature, with the option of covering the bed with grass。
1. 4. 2 photomanagement
Tomatoes are photogenic plants, and the shantytown tomato outcome period is well managed, with appropriate increase in light time to facilitate the absorption of nutrients and light by tomatoes. In the course of day-to-day management, the cover can be removed in advance to ensure that the sun in the morning shines to tomatoes. In addition, the contamination of the film in the shed has been cleaned up, and the perceivability of the film in the shed has been improved so that tomatoes can be given adequate lighting. When tomatoes enter the flowering period, temperature management is carried out, with temperatures at 20-30°c during the day and at night at 15-20°c. In winter and spring, when light is weak and short, and affected by snowy weather, light conditions in the sheds should be improved, and the following measures can be taken. First, proper planting, with a north-south orientation. Secondly, it should be done in a timely fashion to top the top, to eutrophicate and to control plant growth. As a rule, tomatoes are used in a single branch. It is not too early to pick buds, to control the timing of leaf sprouts, to affect the growth and development of the roots, to affect the growth of tomatoes at too late, to compete with the plant for nutrition, and to discourage flowering. When the sprouts grow to three to six centimeters, they pick and keep strong sprouts. When the plant grows to a certain height, the side bud is removed. For medium-sized and large tomatoes, 3 to 4 nuts can be kept, 2 to 3 for the first and 2 to 4 for the second and 5 to 6 for the second. When the result is left behind, it is done to the top and is chosen to take place during a period of high noon temperatures, during which the wound can easily be healed. No roofing is required after the top of the tomatoes and leaves and sick leaves are removed in time. Thirdly, when the grass is lifted in the clear weather, even in the snow or in the cold, the light is lifted, and it is possible to choose the way in which it is lifted at night, covered in the morning, or lighted with electric light in the shed. Fourth, the choice of weak light and early ripening. Fifthly, the use of carbon dioxide fat in the sheds。
1. 4. 3 special weather management
Snow, cold weather is one of the major factors influencing the high production of tomatoes during winter. To this end, cold-proof measures are to be taken to keep the room warm before the onset of the cold, so that a layer of grass-wood ash can be spread over the arctics or gutters to increase surface temperature. In the night cover hot sheds or fire stoves, the conditioned grower can use a hotline to paint the back wall white and fly a reflection screen 1 m above the ground. Controlling daily water use, reducing ventilation and increasing the temperature of the shed. The snow accumulated in the sheds is removed in a timely manner and, if it is not released in time, electrical lighting can be used in the sheds. When the weather clears, the grasshopper is removed, which leads to an increase in temperature in the shed and a marked increase in the evaporation of tomato blades, which can cause atrophy or even death. To this end, tomatoes should be observed at all times, and if leaves are atrophy, the grasshoppers should be dropped in time, until the leaves are recovered, with repeated assurances that the leaves are not aging. If the foliage is severe, the spray can be used to spray water and then the grass can be recovered. The use of intensive deep-tilled treatments increases surface temperature, improves soil permeability and promotes tomato root growth。
1. 4. 4 scientific water fertilizer management
Fertilizer management is crucial in the production and quality of tomatoes in shed tomatoes. In the process of water fertilization management, the following measures should be taken. First, ensuring sufficient buffer time for seedlings after planting is completed, promoting the growth and development of seedlings and timely irrigation to meet the normal growth of tomatoes. Second, care should be taken to plaster the roots during the scavenger and water should be duly extended to ensure the stability of tomato root growth. Thirdly, the timing of the water can be determined in conjunction with soil moisture, and appropriate fertilization and water can be applied. The selected fertilizer is potassium nitrate compound fertilizer, which is applied once every 10-15 d and 10 kg/667 m2. When tomatoes enter a period of rapid growth, the application of fertilizers can be increased appropriately to 20 kg/667 m2. In the management of water fertilizers, full consideration should be given to the growth patterns of tomatoes and their growth should be met through scientific fertilization and watering measures。
1. 4. 5 plantation management
As tomatoes continue to grow, the plant will grow higher, and it will have to be fixed, for example, by a fixed support or a strap. Tomatoes, so that tomatoes' penises can support the shed to meet plant growth needs. In order to address the low production of tomatoes due to the lack of light, the capacity of the tomatoes to branch them is such that they can be removed in time to reduce the incidence of disease and pests。
1. 5 pest management techniques
There are various types of pests and insects that can be encountered in the growth of tomatoes in the shed, which, if not properly treated, can be reduced in large quantities. To this end, emphasis must be placed on tomato pest control, understanding the patterns and characteristics of common pests and diseases, and on targeted prevention。
1. 5. 1 main diseases
1) plasma. There is a high risk of disease in rainy days, especially after the fruits have swelled and watered. To that end, water should be managed at an early stage of the disease, using membrane cover to remove the leaves and effects of the disease in time to avoid the spread and spread of the disease. Proper management of humidity in the sheds can have a preventive effect by adding a certain amount of porpoise or wettable powder to the western red garden flower。
2) leprosy. Overdensity of cultivation, poor ventilation and wet weather have caused the disease to occur, and several means of combating it are available. One of them is disinfected. In the hot water at 55 °c, 20 min is impregnated with a multibacterium of 1,000 times, clean with water and then seeded, which can kill the seed surface fungus. Second, it strengthens the management of the temperature and humidity of the sheds, provides timely ventilation, controls irrigation levels and provides timely wetting once the water is served. Thirdly, 50 per cent of pistols or 1,000 times wettable powders can be selected at the early stages of the onset of the disease, with significant results。
3) observatory disease. It is a physiological disease, mainly caused by drought or flooding in the sheds, which causes the fruit to rot at the beginning of the disease. In order to prevent and control the disease, the following measures could be taken: in the event of drought, the water evaporation of the leaves is high, the water must be watered in an appropriate and appropriate quantity, and the water supply must be balanced and the soil must not be too dry; calcium is properly replenished, especially after the tomato sits; and a medication is used to spray 0. 5 per cent of calcium chloride during the premature of the tomatoes, one per five d and three to five successive sprayings。
4) night disease. The disease, which mainly affects the stem, leaf and fruit parts of tomatoes, can lead, in particular, to the decomposition of fruit and a decline in yields, and can be addressed through several methods: management of humidity and selection of short-term weather at noon; in case of detection of the strain, treatment is done in a timely manner, using 70 per cent of the dubunk lune 800 times。
1. 5. 2 main pests
1) greenhouse white lice. The pest can also spread the virus and reduce the production of tomatoes by pesting the leaves and fruit, and several preventive measures can be taken. The timely destruction of leaves after detection reduces the source of the insect; the choice of cedar bait, where white lice are more sensitive to yellow, reduces the number of pests through this method; the coverage of the nets, which can be placed on vents, reduces the number of external insect sources; and the choice of medications, with more effective drugs including 30% lice。
2) the root causes of dysentery. The pest is a native pest that lives at a soil depth of 5-20 cm and is the main mode of transmission and is difficult to cure. To that end, it should be dealt with in a scientific manner, in the following ways: the choice of highly resistant vegetables for rotation; the choice of a drug for control; and the use of avimectin 3,000 times the root of water during tomato growth, with clear results。
1. 6 integrated responses
1. 6. 1 agriculture control
1) cultivation of seedlings. The selection of highly resistant, low-temperature and productive tomatoes for seed disinfection in the process of breeding can be effective in neutralizing the seed 15 min with more than 50% more than 500 times the fluid. Before planting, rooting can be done, with 1,000 times the fluid-to-water treatment of the antibacteria 968 seedlings selected to increase the resistance of the plant。
2) high-temperature shacks. In cases of higher temperatures, soil management is done with scientific irrigation, followed by membranes covering the surface. In the clear weather, the shacks are suffocated from 10 to 15 d。
3) switching. Tomato precipice crops are suitable for the cultivation of some leafy vegetables or guacamole, and can be used in dry-water rotations or summer-drying sheds in areas where conditions exist. The cultivation of tomatoes in the sheds involves increased use of agricultural organic fertilizers, improved and improved soil performance。
(4) cleaning of fields. (c) the removal of the infirmity in the field and the timely removal of the leaves and fruit. Attention should be drawn to the need to remove lost flowers and prevent asymptomatic diseases。
5) control the temperature in the shed. During the actual planting process, the sheds are managed with ventilation, with the choice of daily midday ventilation, which can act as a drain and can raise the temperature in the sheds appropriately。
1. 6. 2 physical control
Choosing colour panels to trap aphids and pink lice can be effective by installing yellow or blue viscos in the shed. In addition, black lights and booby traps are used to eradicate pests such as leaf moths. Pest nets are set up, and each vent in the shed is designed to prevent pests from entering。
1. 6. 3 biological control
A number of pests are found in the cavity of tomatoes, which can release bees, as well as the use of phids with guacamole, etc., to hunt for dictum pests; the use of chords, bacillus and white fungus can kill insects; the use of wax sprouts can be effective in the prevention of dysentery; the use of new plant enzymes can be effective in the prevention of bacterial ulcer disease; and the use of ningenicillin can prevent viral disease. In the course of specific drug use, changes in temperature and humidity are observed, which can lead to the reproduction and spread of microorganisms and to the reproduction and spread of spores by higher temperatures。
1. 6. 4 chemical control
In maroon tomato cultivation, pest control selects, to the extent possible, low concentrations and low residual drugs, with appropriate increases in amino acid and folate fat in pest control and reduced nutritional consumption. In the course of drug distribution, crustaceans, calcium and phosphorous fertilizers are added to improve tomato resistance to pests。
2 concluding remarks
In order to meet consumer demand for tomatoes, the greenhouse-planting technology can be used, which can be applied so that tomato cultivation is not affected by time and ensures tomato production. To that end, greater efforts should be made to develop technology for the cultivation of tomatoes and to improve the prevention and control of diseases and pests, to uphold the basic principles of prevention and integrated treatment and to increase the economic income of growers。
